Entre los laboratorios con que cuenta el Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología (CIB) del Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica (TEC), está el Laboratorio de Bioprocesos. Esta área involucra todas las líneas de acción del CIB, ya que con el uso biorreactores o biorreactores de inmersión temporal se pueden poner a crecer microorganismos (bacterias, hongos y levaduras), células vegetales, microalgas y células animales, con un objetivo en común: la producción masiva de células o de compuestos bioactivos, convirtiéndose en una herramienta eficaz para la micropropagación, ya que incrementa el coeficiente de multiplicación y produce el mejoramiento en la calidad del material regenerado in vitro. El empleo de estos sistemas incide en la reducción de los costos de producción en el cultivo a escala, ampliamente documentado en gran número de especies de valor comercial. Por otra parte, se controlan varias condiciones de cultivo como lo son pH, agitación, oxígeno disuelto y la producción de espuma. El CIB cuenta con cuatro biorreactores para investigación, que van desde 250 ml, 3 L y hasta 7 L. En este artículo se presenta una descripción de las investigaciones con diferentes microorganismos y células vegetales que han sido estudiados en este sistema en el CIB.
<em>Candida guilliermondii</em> es una levadura ascomicete ampliamente distribuida en el medio ambiente natural, a esta levadura se le atribuyen varias propiedades que le hacen ser de interés biotecnológico, como por ejemplo, para control biológico. En este proyecto <em>C. guillermondii</em> se logró aislar del zacate <em>Panicum maximun</em>, recolectado en plazas de futbol, orillas de calle y en potreros de la zonas de Cartago y Heredia. Se purificaron colonias pequeñas, ovoides y brotantes, de 3 a 5 µm y de color crema, a las 48 h de cultivo a 25 °C en PDA. Se cultivaron en medio líquido, para estimular el crecimiento de biomasa y poder realizar el análisis molecular, se extrajo el ADN y se realizaron las pruebas de PCR con diferentes imprimadores. Las secuencias generadas fueron comparadas mediante un alineamiento utilizando la herramienta Blast del <em>National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)</em> y compararon con la base de datos del Gen Bank, identificando a <em>Candida guillermondii</em>. Se procedió a la inducción de pseudohifas, para ello se probaron diferentes condiciones de cultivo: luz, temperatura y pH, y varios medios de cultivo (fuentes de carbono, nitrógeno, medios pobres en minerales y medio con solo agaragua). Se logró la formación de pseudomicelio bien desarrollado desde las 96 h de incubación. El pH y la luz, medios como el agar agua, suplementado con sacarosa, el que no contenía fuente de nitrógeno y Vogels, fueron determinantes para la aparición de hifas en las levaduras. Concluyendo que el provocar estrés al microorganismo permite un cambio morfológico en el mismo.
In the present investigation, the conditions for in vitro submerged culture of a native strain of Ganoderma sp. were evaluated. Different culture medium ingredients, inoculum concentrations, inoculation methods, configuration, and airflows were evaluated to improve biomass production. The addition of thiamine and olive oil to the culture medium increased biomass production, as well as inoculating 6.6 g/L since there are no significant differences in biomass growth according to inoculum origin (pre-inoculum, discs or with spores). The best configuration of the 3 L stirred tank bioreactor was using three impellers and a porous air diffuser of 0.25 volume per volume per minute (vvm), the dry biomass concentration was 22.6 g/L after 12 days of cultivation at 30 °C, much higher than other investigations. This study provides relevant information for pilot-scale production of this fungus for future secondary metabolites. The culture medium was optimized, and it was defined that the concentration and origin of the inoculum did not influence the growth of Biomass, but the aeration and the configuration of the system allowed the establishment of protocols for the cultivation of Ganoderma sp.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant material Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam) Pers. plants were collected in Garabito, Puntarenas (9"51´05"N, 84°38´48"W), Costa Rica. Permits for collection and bioprospection were obtained from the National Commision for Biodiversity CONAGEBIO (R-CM-ITCR-0014-ABSTRACT Introduction: Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam) Pers (Crasulaceae) is a succulent ornamental plant. In Costa Rica, the leaves are used as a coadjuvant treatment for Diabetes Mellitus based on traditional knowledge of natural remedies. Moreover, there are some studies mentioning its use for Diabetes Mellitus as medicinal plant in several countries. This research aimed to demonstrate the antidiabetic properties of hydroalcoholic extracts of K. pinnata leaves through phytochemical screening, alpha amylase inhibition and rodent models. Methods: Crude extracts of K. pinnata leaves were prepared by infusion and decoction using water:ethanol (70:30) as a solvent. The extracts prepared by decoction (LAED, lyophilized-water:ethanoldecoction) and by infusion (LAEI, lyophilized-water:ethanol-infusion) were analyzed by Folin-Ciocalteu, HPLC and capacity of inhibition of α-amylase activity. To determine hypoglycemic activity in rats, extracts were administered orally at doses of 250, 500 and 750 mg/Kg and blood sugar levels were monitored over a four hours period using a glucometer. Results: A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in blood glucose was observed after one hour in rats treated with 500 mg/Kg of LAED extract. Treatment with 750 mg/Kg LAEI induced a statistically significant reduction in blood sugar at 90, 180 and 240 min, showing that the glucose-lowering effect of this extract was greater at a higher concentration. Conclusions: This study confirmed the hypoglycemic effect of K. pinnata extracts in the acute phase in rats and supports the use of this Crassulaceae as a home remedy.
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