Tumbas rupestres en el Alto Mondego (Guarda, Portugal).Patrones de distribución, significados y construcción del paisaje rural altomedieval Rock-cut tombs in Alto Mondego (Guarda, Portugal). Distribution patterns, meanings and construction in the early medieval rural landscape RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es presentar y discutir los datos arqueológicos sobre las tumbas excavadas en la roca obtenidos en la región del Alto Mondego. Se trata de los vestigios más abundantes y visibles de las comunidades rurales altomedievales, pero al mismo tiempo los más difíciles de comprender y explicar. A pesar de ello, el estudio de su distribución permite acercarnos a la construcción del paisaje rural entre los siglos VI y XI. Varios años de prospección y la excavación de tres yacimientos con sepulturas excavadas en la roca -Penedo dos Mouros, São Gens y Monte Aljão -permitieron la obtención de relevantes datos arqueológicos, que son los que aquí presentamos.La categorización de sepulturas y necrópolis rupestres recientemente propuesta por I. Martín Viso motivó este trabajo, dado que permitió organizar los diferentes patrones de asociación y de distribución de las sepulturas pero, sobre todo, creó una base interpretativa para los mismos. El presente artículo, más allá de la aplicación del nuevo modelo al Alto Mondego, intenta progresar en la explicación de los patrones de distribución identificados (sepulturas aisladas, agrupamientos, necrópolis desordenadas y ordenadas). De esta manera ha sido posible comprender las formas de organización social: las tres primeras reflejan una organización de base familiar, mientras que la última es derivada de un poder supralocal. Estas manifestaciones funerarias rupestres atestiguan una intención deliberada de marcar el paisaje y los territorios familiares y comunitarios (espacios productivos y de habitación) y de la apropiación simbólica y social de los paisajes rurales. LABURPENAArtikulu honen helburua Alto Mondego eskualdean arrokan hondeatutako hobietan lortutako datu arkeologikoak aurkeztea eta eztabaidatzea da. Goi Erdi Aroko landatar komunitateetako aztarna ugarienak eta ikusgarrienak dira, baina, aldi berean, baita ulertzeko eta azaltzeko zailenak ere. Hala eta guztiz ere, horien banaketa aztertzeak VI. eta XI. mendeen arteko landatar paisaiaren eraikuntzara gerturatzea ahalbidetu digu. Arrokan induskatutako hilobiak dituzten hiru aztarnategitan urte askoan prospekzioak eta hondeaketak egin ostean (Penedo dos Mouros, São Gens eta Monte Aljão mendia), datu arkeologiko esanguratsuak lortu dituzte eta hemen aurkezten ditugu datu horiek.Duela gutxi I. Martín Visok proposatutako harkaitzetako nekropolien eta hobien kategorizazioak bultzatu zuen lan hau. Horri esker, hobien banaketako eta elkarketako eredu ugariak antolatu egin ahal izan ziren, baina batez ere, horietarako interpretazio-oinarria sortzea ahalbidetu zuen. Eredu berria Alto Mondegora aplikatzeaz harago, artikulu honen helburua identifikatutako banaketa-ereduak azaltzeko lanean aurrera egiten saiatzea da (isolatutako ...
Small rural places are largely absent from early medieval written sources, but they were profuse and relevant in regional settlements and economies. Only through archaeological and archaeobotanical investigation is it possible to unveil their structure and productive strategies; however, this kind of investigation is still uncommon in Iberia. Here, the assemblage of fruits/seeds, wood charcoal, and food remains from Senhora do Barrocal (SB) (Sátão, Portugal) will be presented and discussed in order to understand the crop production, processing, and storage. The site was destroyed by a fire somewhere between the 10th and the 11th centuries AD, which allowed the preservation of abundant plant remains in a storage area. Charcoal analyses suggest that the building was made with oak and chestnut timber. The massive fruits/seeds assemblage was dominated by cereals, mostly oat and rye, but also barley, millet, and naked wheat, some fully dehusked, others still hulled. Furthermore, evidence of food products has also been found, suggesting that the area was used for the storage of multiple foods and crops at different processing stages. SB is a good example of how communities adopted a diverse set of crops and multifaceted storage strategies to prevent food shortages and to endure in a harsh environment.
Located in the foothills of the northwestern sector of the Estrela Mountain (Beira Alta province in central-north Portugal), Penedo dos Mouros Rock-shelter revealed a succession of three distinct archaeological horizons datable to the evolved Early Neolithic and initial Middle Neolithic, thus partially coinciding with the onset of the regional Megalithism. The find of a few caprine remains at least one possible sheep, among a large spectrum of species-swine, rabbit, hare, Iberian lynx and toad-, makes this site the oldest in the region to provide direct evidence for herding practices. Small-sized pots, expedient use of local lithic raw materials together with curated use of exogenous flint, and low density of artefacts indicate a strategy of residential mobility in line with similar evidence observed elsewhere in Beira Alta. Given previous claims of Neolithic vertical transhumance between montane plateaux-in the summer-and lowland plains-in the winter-, this hypothesis is here discussed-and refuted-based on spatial analysis of Neolithic sites, economic characterization of the period and local orographic and bioclimatic constraints.
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