Background This report describes a group intervention for men with an intellectual disability who have sexually offended or abused others. The group was in response to referrals to a psychology department. The majority of these individuals had not been subject to legal proceedings. Methods A number of assessments were conducted prior to the group, immediately after the group and at 3-and 6-month follow-up. Results Attitudes consistent with offending reduced after participation for most participants, however, these tended to revert to pre-group levels over time. Locus of control became more external after the group treatment, this was contrary to expectations and results obtained with interventions for individuals without an intellectual disability. Knowledge tended to increase after the group, however, problems with the questionnaire used made interpretation of the results difficult. No further incidents of sexual abuse have been recorded by any of the five group members who completed the group, since the start of the group (a period of 1 year to date). Conclusions This group should be seen as a pilot project. However, further therapeutic work is indicated as is theoretical and questionnaire development.
Summary The aim was to systematically review studies that have focused on symptoms of anxiety reported by parents of children (0–18 years) with epilepsy. PubMed was used to identify relevant studies. Selected studies were reviewed with respect to prevalence of above threshold scores and comparisons with controls on standardized measures of anxiety. Studies are also reported with respect to factors associated with parental anxiety, impact on child outcomes, and comparisons with studies that have included equivalent measures of symptoms of depression. Fifteen studies that met inclusion criteria were identified. None of the studies were population based. The percentage of parents scoring above cutoffs on standardized measures of anxiety was 9–58%. In comparison with parents of healthy controls, parents of children with epilepsy had higher mean scores in two of three studies where this was measured. Possible correlates of parental anxiety in childhood epilepsy that were considered varied widely across studies. Factors such as seizure frequency and use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been associated with parental anxiety in some but not all studies. With respect to child outcome, increased parental anxiety has been associated with lower quality of life and lower scores on adaptive behavior domains. Symptoms of anxiety are common among parents of children with epilepsy. There is a need for more systematic, representative studies to identify the prevalence of clinically significant anxiety and track the course of symptoms. Such studies will help to identify more clearly factors associated with parental anxiety and impact of symptoms on child and parent outcomes. Intervention studies are needed to evaluate approaches that target a reduction in symptoms and the potential impact on parental and child functioning. Furthermore, there is a need to evaluate the impact of antiepileptic therapies and interventions that focus on child neurobehavioral comorbidities on parental anxiety
In human geography cities are routinely acknowledged as complex and dynamic built environments. This description is rarely extended to the suburbs, which are generally regarded as epiphenomena of the urbs and therefore of little intrinsic theoretical interest in themselves. This article presents a detailed critique of this widely held assumption by showing how the idea of ‘the suburban’ as an essentially non‐problematic domain has been perpetuated from a range of contrasting disciplinary perspectives, including those that directly address suburban subject matter. The result has been that attempts to articulate the complex social possibilities of suburban space are easily caught between theories of urbanisation that are insensitive to suburban specificity and competing representations of the suburb that rarely move beyond the culturally specific to consider their generic significance. This article proposes that the development of a distinctively suburban theory would help to undermine one‐dimensional approaches to the built environment by focusing on the relationship between social organisation and the dynamics of emergent built form.
To gain a comprehensive understanding of the experiences and needs of parents of young children with epilepsy from a total population sample. The parents (mothers (n=38), fathers (n=9)) of 40/53 (75% of total population) young children ((1-7 years; 23male, 17 female) with 'active' epilepsy (had a seizure in the last year or taking AEDs) were interviewed either in person or over the telephone using a semi-structured interview schedule. The families were resident in the south of the UK. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded using thematic analysis. Thematic analysis revealed six main themes; diagnostic journey, parental perception of epilepsy management, awareness and impact of associated neurobehavioral difficulties, inconsistent availability of therapeutic and educational supports, impact on family functioning and need for parental support. Parents reported often having difficulty accessing a professional knowledgeable about epilepsy. While parents were generally satisfied with the initial information they received about seizures and their management, they reported that the association between epilepsy and neurobehavioral issues was often not broached. These developmental/behavioral difficulties often had a bigger impact on child wellbeing and family functioning, but provision of therapeutic and educational supports for the difficulties was often very patchy. Parents noted that early onset epilepsy and associated neurobehavioral difficulties often have a very significant impact on family functioning including increased restrictions on family activities and increased financial burden. Parents would like informational and emotional support to extend beyond the time of epilepsy diagnosis. There is a clear need for comprehensive childhood epilepsy services to include provision for identification and management of child neurobehavioral needs and a focus on family centred care.3
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