Eating patterns are important for building sustainable food and agricultural systems. This paper begins by presenting the main features of eating patterns worldwide. These eating patterns include the relative convergence of diets, more rapid food transition in emerging and developing countries, development of a more complex food chain, and substantial food losses and waste at distribution and final consumption stages. These patterns have negative consequences on health and the environment. The drivers of these patterns are examined to identify knowledge gaps, the filling of which should facilitate the design and implementation of actions and policies aimed at making food systems more sustainable.

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Le défi de la bioéconomie est de concilier 3 approches différentes : les demandes et les comportements des citoyens-consommateurs, la préservation des écosystèmes et de leurs capacités de production de biens consommables et de services écosystémiques, et le croisement de la rationalité des flux verticaux (filière) de biomasses, d’énergie et d’informations à celle des usages des sols (systèmes de cultures et forestiers, villes, régions…). Suite au colloque européen sur la bioéconomie les 28 et 29 juin 2017 à Paris, rassemblant 320 personnes venant de pays européens, d’Amérique du Nord et du Sud, et d’Afrique, 5 besoins clés ont été identifiés : (a) le passage des filières au système, (b) le renforcement des leviers technologiques, organisationnels et réglementaires pour les transitions, (c) le besoin de représentations et de modélisations dans une vision à 2050, (d) des politiques publiques dédiées et (e) l’évaluation de la durabilité. 11 recommandations ont été émises pour promouvoir le développement de la bioéconomie.

Insights from duALIne As Western-style food systems extend further around the world, food sustainability is becoming an increasingly important issue. Such systems are not sustainable in terms of their consumption of resources, their impact on ecosystems or their effect on health and social equality. From 2009 to 2011, the duALIne project, led by INRA and CIRAD, assembled a team of experts to investigate food systems downstream of the farm, from the farm gate to consumption. Representing a diverse range of backgrounds, spanning academia and the public and private sectors, the project aimed to review the international literature and to take account of the experts' own expertise to identify major gaps in our knowledge. This book brings together its key conclusions and insights, presents state-of-the-art research in food sustainability and identifies priority areas for further study. It will provide a valuable resource for researchers, decision-makers and stakeholders in the food industry. CATHERINE ESNOUF is the Deputy Scientific Director for Food at INRA. She is the Head of a national research network that promotes research partnerships and industrial innovation on the sensory and nutritional quality of food. MARIE RUSSEL is Research Engineer and a Scientific Project Manager at INRA. She uses interdisciplinary approaches involving food sciences and the humanities to investigate food patterns and preservation issues. NICOLAS BRICAS is a Researcher at CIRAD who specialises in food security policies and projects. His main areas of research include the effects of urbanisation on food habits in Africa and Asia and the role of small-scale food processing in food security and poverty alleviation.

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