Nosocomial or healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) are associated with a financial burden that affects both patients and healthcare institutions worldwide. The clinical best care practices (CBPs) of hand hygiene, hygiene and sanitation, screening, and basic and additional precautions aim to reduce this burden. The COVID-19 pandemic has confirmed these four CBPs are critically important prevention practices that limit the spread of HCAIs. This paper conducted a systematic review of economic evaluations related to these four CBPs using a discounting approach. We searched for articles published between 2000 and 2019. We included economic evaluations of infection prevention and control of Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhoea, meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli. Results were analysed with cost-minimization, cost-effectiveness, cost-utility, cost-benefit and cost-consequence analyses. Articles were assessed for quality. A total of 11,898 articles were screened and seven were included. Most studies (4/7) were of overall moderate quality. All studies demonstrated cost effectiveness of CBPs. The average yearly net cost savings from the CBPs ranged from $252,847 (2019 Canadian dollars) to $1,691,823, depending on the rate of discount (3% and 8%). The average incremental benefit cost ratio of CBPs varied from 2.48 to 7.66. In order to make efficient use of resources and maximize health benefits, ongoing research in the economic evaluation of

BackgroundNosocomial infections (NIs) are associated with extra treatment costs, medical complications, reduction of quality of life and mortality. This systematic review intends to consolidate the evidence on the economic evaluation of four clinical best practices (CBPs) related to NI prevention and control interventions: hand hygiene, hygiene and sanitation, admission screening and basic and additional precautions. It will measure the return on investment of these CBPs.Methods and analysisElectronic searches will be conducted on MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane, Web of Science and JSTOR. OpenGrey will also be consulted for articles from 2000 to 2018, published in English or French. The population includes studies undertaken in medical or surgical units of hospitals of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. Studies will report the prevention and control of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli. Interventions evaluating any of the four CBPs will be included. The design of articles will fall within randomised clinical trials, quasi-experimental, case-control, cohort, longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. Outcomes will include incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year, incremental cost per disability-adjusted life year and the incremental cost-benefit ratio, net costs and net cost savings. Two authors will independently screen studies, extract data and assess risk of bias using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines, the Drummond Economic Evaluation criteria and the Cochrane criteria for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards will be used for data extraction. All values will be adjusted to Canadian dollars ($C) indexed to 2019 using the discount rates (3%, 5% and 8%) for sensitivity analyses. This review will demonstrate the effectiveness of the CBPs in prevention and control of NIs. Decision-makers will thus have evidence to facilitate sound decision-making according to the financial gains generated.Ethics and disseminationThe results of this systematic review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at a relevant scientific conference. Ethical approval is not required because the data we will use do not include individual patient data.

Valoriser les compétences technologiques et informationnelles S'appuyer sur les acquis du profil REPTIC du réseau des CÉGEPS et du programme Magellan du collège Brébeuf Évaluer les habiletés dans un environnement de correction automatisée

Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les Droits des peuples autochtones Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les Droits des peuples autochtones Nations Unies Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les droits des peuples autochtones Résolution adoptée par l'Assemblée générale [sans renvoi à une grande commission (A/6/L.67 et Add.)] 61/295. Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les droits des peuples autochtones L'Assemblée générale, Prenant note de la recommandation faite par le Conseil des droits de l'homme dans sa résolution 1/2 du 29 juin 2006 1 , par laquelle il a adopté le texte de la Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les droits des peuples autochtones, Rappelant sa résolution 61/178 du 20 décembre 2006, par laquelle elle a décidé, d'une part, d'attendre, pour examiner la Déclaration et prendre une décision à son sujet, d'avoir eu le temps de tenir des consultations supplémentaires sur la question et, de l'autre, de finir de l'examiner avant la fin de sa soixante et unième session, Adopte la Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les droits des peuples autochtones dont le texte figure en annexe à la présente résolution.