Insulin pump therapy together with constant or intermittent CGM can improve diabetes control and pregnancy outcome in type 1 diabetes. The quality of the glucose profile at conception was the important factor for pregnancy outcome.

Androgens are essential for male sexual develop ment and for fertility. They exert their action through the andro gen receptor (AR), a ligandactivated transcription factor. The 5' end of exon 1 of the AR gene includes a polymor phic CAG triplet repeat that varies in number between 10 to 36 in the normal population. There is controversy over an association between high CAG repeat numbers in the AR gene and male infertility. We have evaluated the pos sible effect of long CAG repeats in the AR on infertility in men from the Republic of Macedonia (R. Macedonia). A group of 222 infertile/subfertile males with different sperm counts and a control group of 152 proven fathers were studied. The CAG repeat number was determined by fluo rescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of exon 1 of the AR gene analyzed by capillary electro phoresis. Mean CAG length did not differ significantly between males with azoospermia (22.0 ± 3.1), mild oligo zoospermia (22.4 ± 2.6), severe oligozoospermia (23.0 ± 4.2), normozoospermia (21.8 ± 2.4), or known causes of infertility (22.1 ± 2.9) and fertile controls (22.3 ± 2.9). However, we found a significantly higher percentage of CAG repeats >26 (p = 0.022), >27 CAG REPEAT NUMBER IN ANDROGEN RECEPTOR GENE AND MALE INFERTILITY

CAG Repeat Polymorphism of the Mitochondrial DNA Polymerase Gamma Gene in Macedonian Infertile and Fertile MenThe catalytic subunit of human mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma (POLG) is encoded by the POLG gene, located on chromosome 15q24 and includes a polymorphic CAG repeat. Analysis of POLG genotypes in some populations has identified an association between the absence of the 10 CAG repeat allele and male infertility and suggested that POLG gene polymorphism should be considered as a possible contributing factor in cases with idiopathic subfertility with normal spermiograms. We undertook to assess whether different POLG CAG alleles are associated with impaired spermatogenesis and infertility/subfertility in Macedonian men. We studied 225 infertile/subfertile men (74 with azoospermia, 56 with severe oligozoospermia, 27 with mild oligozoospermia, 39 with unexplained infertility and normal sperm counts, and 29 with known causes of infertility) and a control group of 123 proven fathers, by fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) andanalysis on an ABI PRISM™ 310 Genetic Analyzer. The most frequently observed POLG allele was the common one of 10 CAG repeats with a frequency of 87.6% in the infertile/subfertile group and 86.6% in the control group. The homozygous mutant POLG genotype (not10/not10) was found in both groups, 1.6% in the infertile/subfertile patients and 1.8% in the controls. In conclusion, our study showed no association between polymorphism of the POLG gene and infertility in Macedonian men.

Heroin addiction is associated with decreased plasma concentrations of HDL-C, apoA-I, apoB, and increased TGL concentrations. In heroin addicts, HDL-C concentrations are significantly associated with the apoB/apoA-I index, which correlates to all lipid fractions and is a stronger predictor of metabolic syndrome lipid profile in heroin addicts.

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