Aim:The aim of this prospective randomized study was to compare the effectiveness of various educational tools in laparoscopic rectal surgery, including surgical textbooks, animation and cadaveric videos. Method:Initially, an electronic assessment test assessing knowledge of laparoscopic rectal surgery was created and validated. The test was sent to graduates completing a general surgery residency programme in Turkey, who were then randomized into four groups based on the type of study material. After a 4 week study period, the volunteers were asked to answer the same electronic assessment test imported into an edited live laparoscopic rectal surgery video. Pre-and posteducation assessment tests among the groups were compared.Results: A total of 168 volunteers completed the pre-education assessment test and were randomized into four groups. Pre-education assessment test scores were similar among the groups (p > 0.05). Of 168 volunteers, 130 (77.3%) completed the posteducation assessment test. Posteducation assessment test scores were significantly higher in the three-dimensional (3D) animation + cadaveric video group (p < 0.01), the 3D animation group (p < 0.01) and the cadaveric group (p < 0.01) compared with the textbook group.Moreover, posteducation assessment test scores were significantly higher in the 3D animation + cadaveric video group than the 3D animation group (p < 0.01). Each group's posteducation assessment test scores were significantly higher than the pre-education assessment test scores, with the exception of the textbook group. Conclusion:Our study demonstrates that 3D animation + cadaveric videos, 3D animation alone and cadaveric videos are all superior to a surgical textbook when teaching laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery. Finally, our results show that 3D animation and cadaveric videos are also superior to textbooks in enabling an understanding of rectal surgery.

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A AB BS S T TR RA AC CT T O Ob bj je ec ct ti iv ve e: : The aim of the study was to find out if the scoring tools increase the objectivity of instructors during the assessment of practice performance in physiotherapy education. M Ma a--t te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et th ho od ds s: : Participant group of this study consist of 14 senior class students. Each student was asked to make a physiotherapy assessment and therapy planning for different musculoskeletal disorders in the practice exam. Half of the students were scored using scoring rubric and the rest of those were scored using graded category rating scales by the same instructors. Cohen's kappa coefficient and Spearmans Brown correlation coefficient have been calculated to find out the consistency between the ratings of the instructors. R Re es su ul lt ts s: : Cohen Kappa analyzes show that the consistency between the raters was not statistically significant when raters used graded category rating scale. It was respectively stronger and statistically significant when they use scoring rubric (kappa= 0.47). Spearman Brown Correlation Coefficient results showed that there was positive, middle strong correlation (r: 0.51) between the scores when the raters use graded category rating scale. It was found positive, and strong correlation (r: 0.70) between the scores when the raters use scoring rubrics. C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n: : The graded category rating scale may not be an effective solution for addressing the subjectivity of the raters. However, scoring rubrics can increase the objectivity of scorers during the assessment of clinical skills in physiotherapy education. If physiotherapy educators prepare appropriate rubrics while assessing the student performance, this may contribute to the more accurate determination of each students achievement.K Ke ey y W Wo or rd ds s: : Scoring rubric; analytic rubric; graded category rating scale;inter-rater agreement; assessment objectivity Ö ÖZ ZE ET T A Am ma aç ç: : Bu çalışmanın amacı fizyoterapi eğitiminde pratik sınavlarda kullanılan farklı puanlama araçlarının, değerlendiricilerin nesnel puan vermelerinde ne düzeyde etkili olduğunu belirlemektir. G Ge er re eç ç v ve e Y Yö ön nt te em ml le er r: : Çalışma grubu 14 üniversite son sınıf öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Pratik sınavda her öğrenciden kas iskelet sistemine ilişkin farklı sorunlar için fizyoterapi değer-lendirmesi yapması ve bir tedavi program oluşturması istenmiştir. Öğrencilerin yarısının performansı dereceli puanlama anahtarı diğer yarısının performansı ise dereceleme ölçeği kullanılarak aynı öğretim üyeleri tarafından puanlanmıştır. Puanlayıcılar arasındaki uyumun belirlenmesi için Cohen in Kappa katsayısı ve Spearman Brown Sıra Sayıları Korelasyon Katsayısı hesaplanmıştır. B Bu ul lg gu ul la ar r: : Cohen Kappa analizi sonuçları, puanlayıcıların dereceleme ölçeği kullandıkları durumda puanlayıcılar arasındaki uyumun çok düşük ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmadığını ortaya koymuştur. Puanlayıcılar dereceli puanlama anahtarı kullandıklar...

In 2017 and 2018, engineering applications and design process were given weight to with the updates carried out in the Physical Sciences Lesson Curriculum in Turkey. For the STEM education which is at the center of this update to reach its target, it is highly important that students accurately learn what engineers do, what their work field is, the characteristics they should carry and understand the nature of engineering. The present study aims to identify the perception of engineers of 5th, 6th and 7th grade middle school students through drawings. Research Methods: The study group of this research which is a descriptive

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