Automated decision systems appear to carry higher risks today than they ever have before. Digital technologies collect massive amounts of data and evaluate people in every aspect of their lives, such as housing and employment. This collected information is ranked through the use of algorithms. The use of such algorithms may be problematic. Because the results obtained through

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Artificial intelligence (AI) is everywhere. If Alan Turing raised the question of providing machines with a form of intelligence as early as 1950, 1 AI has since revealed its potential thanks to big data and the improvement of computing power. The term ''artificial intelligence'' was popularized by John McCarthy and Marvin Lee Minsky, organizers of the 1956 Dartmouth conference that made AI a field of research in its own right. AI refers to systems that demonstrate intelligent behavior by analyzing their environment and taking action, with a degree of autonomy, to achieve specific goals. 2 ''Intelligence'' then refers to the fact that the machine imitates the cognitive functions associated with the human or animal brain, i.e. the ability to learn and solve problems. This may involve thinking or acting by imitating human behavior (cognitive approach) or rationality (computational approach). 3 If, for several decades, AI experienced waves of enthusiasm and setbacks (''winters'' of AI), it is now part of everyday life, whether it is using a personal virtual or virtual assistant, or travelling in a semi-autonomous vehicle. It is also generating a craze for solving or anticipating complex problems in medicine, policing or justice among others. The adaptability of AIs greatly increases their applicable uses, thus different objectives can be pursued: automatic natural language processing, knowledge representation, automated reasoning, machine learning, computer vision and robotics to name a few. In this last case, AI systems are not only working on the software level, but they are also acting in a virtual world integrated into hardware.

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