The crop succession and nitrogen splitting fertilization are managements that can affect the common bean technological quality and, consequently, the profitability of producer and the food biological value. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether crop succession and N splitting fertilization promote differences in the technological quality of common bean grains. The experiment was carried out during winter over two agricultural years in southeastern Brazil. A randomized block design was used in a split-plot scheme, with four replications. The plots were composed of three crop successional systems (maize sole, maize + Urochloa ruziziensis, U. ruziziensis sole) and the subplots contained nine combinations of N splitting fertilization at a rate of 90 kg•ha -1 N top-dressing in the phenological stages V 3 , V 4 , and R 5 of the common bean and a control without fertilization. The evaluated variables were: sieve yield greater than or equal to 12 (SY ≥ 12), crude protein content, cooking time, and hydration ratio. Crop succession promotes differences in the technological quality of common bean; however, the N splitting fertilization did not change the technological attributes of grains. The highest technological quality of common bean was obtained after succession with U. ruziziensis sole, generating large size and crude protein content of grain, followed by the succession with maize + U. ruziziensis intercropping, and finally, the succession with maize sole. Therefore, the crop succession is a fundamental factor for obtaining common bean with higher technological quality, affecting the food biological value and the profitability of producers.
A definição da dose de adubação nitrogenada em cobertura no feijoeiro irrigado em sucessão a plantas graníferas e de cobertura de solo em semeadura direta é fundamental para aumentar a produtividade de grãos e a qualidade nutricional e tecnológica do produto final. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, verificar a viabilidade de formação e manutenção de palhada de cobertura para região de clima tropical e a influência da adubação nitrogenada em cobertura (0, 40, 80, 120 e 160 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio) no feijoeiro irrigado (inverno-primavera), em sucessão a culturas formadoras de palhada, no primeiro ano de instalação do sistema de semeadura direta. O delineamento experimental foi de parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições, dispostos em blocos casualizados. As parcelas principais foram representadas por três sistemas de produção de palhada (milho exclusivo, milho consorciado com Brachiaria ruziziensis e B. ruziziensis exclusiva) e as subparcelas, por doses de nitrogênio em cobertura. Os resultados obtidos permitiram verificar que a palhada de B. ruziziensis proporcionou maior quantidade e manutenção da cobertura do solo e favoreceu o aumento nos componentes de rendimento e na produtividade de grãos. A aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura no feijoeiro, cultivado em sucessão à B. ruziziensis exclusiva, milho consorciado com B. ruziziensis e milho exclusivo, não traz benefícios quanto ao aumento nos componentes de rendimento e na produtividade de grãos, no primeiro ano de implantação do sistema de semeadura direta.
Maize intercropping with forage crops and N under no-tillage management have led to discrepant results regarding the impact on crop yield. Therefore, understanding various production systems is necessary to assist producers in decision making.The aim of this experiment was to evaluate whether maize (Zea mays L.) intercropping with Urochloa ruziziensis (R. Germ. and C.M. Evrard) Crins promotes differences in the agronomic performance of maize and if split top-dressing N fertilization in the previous crop (common bean [Phaseolus vulgaris L.]) promotes increase in maize agronomic performance. The experiment was conducted during two agricultural years in southeastern Brazil, with treatments arranged as a split-plot fitted in a randomized block design, with four replications. Main plot was cropping systems (two systems -maize sole and maize intercropped with U. ruziziensis) while subplots comprised 10 combinations of split top-dressed N applications, totaling 90 kg ha −1 , applied to the previously cultivated common bean crop. Regardless of the agricultural year, intercropping with U. ruziziensis sown simultaneously with maize reduced maize yield by 12% on average. Intercropping maize and U. ruziziensis increased soil coverage from an average of 64-100% over maize as an only crop. The agronomic performance of maize grown in sole crop or intercropped with U. ruziziensis was not influenced by the effect of top-dressing N fertilization applied in common bean under no-tillage as previous crop. Intercropping maize with U. ruziziensis is a viable option for producers seeking improved soil coverage or grazing opportunities, however, caution is needed since maize yields may be reduced.
ResumoO objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência da adubação nitrogenada em cobertura no feijoeiro irrigado (inverno-primavera), no primeiro ano de implantação do sistema de semeadura direta. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições, dispostos em blocos casualizados. As parcelas foram formadas por três formas de cobertura do solo, milho-grão, milhogrão consorciado com Brachiaria ruziziensis e apenas B. ruziziensis. As subparcelas foram formadas por cinco doses de adubação nitrogenada em cobertura (0, 40, 80, 120 e 160 kg ha -1 ), utilizando a uréia como fonte de nitrogênio. Foi determinada a massa seca da palhada presente como cobertura do solo anteriormente à semeadura da cultura do feijoeiro, o momento do florescimento pleno, o teor foliar de nitrogênio total, a massa de 100 grãos, a produtividade de grãos, a renda de beneficiamento, os atributos químicos do solo e a análise econômica da produção de grãos de feijão. Verificou-se que a produtividade de grãos de feijão em sucessão ao milho-grão foi influenciada positivamente pela adubação nitrogenada, sendo economicamente viável apenas quando fornecido 160 kg ha -1 de nitrogênio e que o uso do consórcio entre milho-grão e B. ruziziensis é a melhor opção quando o feijoeiro é semeado em sucessão. Palavras-chave: Phaseolus vulgaris, Brachiaria ruziziensis, Zea mays L., sistema de semeadura direta AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the nitrogen topdressing influence in common bean irrigated (winter-spring), in the first year of no tillage implementation. The experimental design was split-plot with three replications in randomized blocks. The plots were formed by three types of ground cover, corn-grain, corn-grain intercropped with Brachiaria ruziziensis and only B. ruziziensis. The subplots were formed by five doses of nitrogen topdressing (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha -1 ), using urea as nitrogen source. It was determined the dry mass of residue present as ground cover, the full flowering time, the leaf nitrogen content, the 100 grains mass, the grain yield, the processing income, the chemical soil properties and economic analysis of common bean grain yield. It was found the common bean grain productivity in succession to corn-grain was positively influenced by nitrogen fertilization, showing it is economically viable only when given 160 kg ha -1 of nitrogen and the intercropping corn-grain and B. ruziziensis use is the best option when the common bean is sown in succession.
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