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Alimento funcional é todo alimento que oferece um efeito benéfico, além do valor nutritivo inerente à sua composição quí-mica podendo contribuir na prevenção e tratamento de doenças (ANJO, 2004). Os probióticos são definidos como uma cultura simples ou mista de microrganismos vivos, os quais beneficiam o homem ou os animais por meio da melhoria das propriedades da microbiota intestinal (HOLZAPFEL;SCHILLINGER, 2002). Os prebióticos são componentes alimentares não digeríveis que afetam beneficamente o hospedeiro, por estimularem seletivamente a proliferação ou atividade de populações de bactérias desejáveis no cólon. Adicionalmente, o prebiótico pode inibir a multiplicação de patógenos, garantindo benefícios adicionais à saúde do hospedeiro (SAAD, 2006).Dentre os principais prebióticos que têm recebido maior atenção, destacam-se a inulina e os oligossacarídeos, especialmente os frutooligossacarídeos (USTUNOL, 2005). Os oligossacarídeos são açúcares encontrados como componentes naturais em muitos alimentos como frutas, vegetais, leite e mel. (LEITE et al., 2000;NAKANO, 1998). Crittenden e Playne (1996) definem os oligossacarídeos como glicosídeos que contêm entre três e dez monossacarídeos. Entretanto outros autores definem oligossacarídeos como carboidratos que possuem um baixo grau de polimerização (de 2 a 20) e conseqüentemente, baixo peso molecular (ROBERFROID; SLAVIN, 2000).Segundo Anjo (2004), o mel é um alimento funcional que exerce a atividade prebiótica e tem como efeito, a regulação do trânsito intestinal, regulação da pressão arterial, redução do risco de câncer e dos níveis de colesterol. AbstractTo be considered prebiotic, a microorganism must fulfill a series of requirements and the maintenance of viability is a major one. Probiotic cultures of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. were cultured in 12% (w/v) reconstituted nonfat dry milk containing 3% (w/v) of pasteurized honey. Controls without honey were prepared. All cultures remained viable for up 46 days at 7 °C conforming to the regulation requirement. The higher cell number of L. casei-01 and L. casei Shirota (>9.0 log10 CFU.mL -1 ) were maintained in the presence of honey. The titratable acidity produced by these cultures was of 1.44%. On the 46 th day of storage, the number of L. acidophilus Sacco® viable cells in the presence of honey was significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to the control. Considering the overall storage period, honey exerted significant positive effect (p < 0,05) only on Bifidobacterium cultures. The lowest growth and acidity on the 46 th day was observed with Bf. Lactis Bb12, being 7,63 log 10 CFU.g -1 and 0,61% of acidity in the presence of honey and 6.11 log CFU.mL -1 and 0,30% of acidity in the control. Differently, Bf. lactis Sacco® cultures reached counts of 9,11 log 10 CFU.mL -1 and produced 1.11% acidity. Keywords: probiotic cultures; fermented milk; assa peixe honey. ResumoPara ser considerado prebiótico, um microrganismo deve atender a uma série de requisitos, sendo a manutenção da viabilidade, um dos p...

Please cite this article in press as: da Silva Xavier, A., et al. Bionomy of two flies of sanitary and forensic importance: Peckia (Sarcodexia) lambens (Wiedemann) and Oxysarcodexia amorosa (Schiner) (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Rev. Brasil. Entomol. (2015). http://dx.G Model RBE-38; No. of Pages 5 Revista Brasileira de Entomologia xxx (2015) xxx-xxx w w w . r b e n t o m o l o g i a . c o m a b s t r a c tThis study aims to elucidate the bionomy of Peckia (Sarcodexia) lambens and Oxysarcodexia amorosa to provide data for medical, veterinary and forensic entomology analyses. We analyzed larval stage duration (L1-L3), weight of the mature larvae (L3), pupal stage duration, L1-adult duration, adult emergence and viability of larvae and adults of both species. Larval viability of P. (S.) lambens was 82% and the mean duration of the larval stage was 3.51 ± 0.99 days. The mature larvae had a mean weight of 33.67 ± 7.13 mg. The mean duration of the pupal stage was 8.26 ± 0.93 days and the mean duration of the L1-adult was 11.53 ± 1.22 days. Mean lifespan for females and males was 39.33 ± 1.52 and 57.33 ± 4.72 days, respectively. Larval viability of O. amorosa was 76% and mean duration of larval stage was 3.51 ± 0.64 days. Mature larvae had a mean weight of 28.28 ± 3.38 mg. Mean duration of the pupal stage was 10.14 ± 0.63 days and mean duration of the L1-adult was 13.60 ± 0.69 days. Mean lifespan for females and males was 83.66 ± 15.94 and 84.00 ± 19.97 days, respectively. Oxysarcodexia amorosa showed a L1-adult stage longer than P. (S.) lambens; however both species showed low viability. O. amorosa laid more larvae than P. (S.) lambens, this fact may occur because O. amorosa had longer life duration.

SUMMARY The aim of the present study was to analyze the status of the American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) in the state of Rio de Janeiro, from 2004 to 2013, through its spatiotemporal distribution. We also described variables considered relevant to the epidemiology of the disease, such as the clinical form, gender, ethnic group, age group, and progression of disease. This is a descriptive study, which used notified secondary data from the Brazilian Information System of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN), Ministry of Health, Brazil, regarding confirmed diagnoses. To help the calculation of coefficients of detection and mortality, we used population data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). We analyzed 1,470 cases of ATL with the predominance of the cutaneous clinical form (1,292/87.89%). The data has also revealed seven deaths, a predominance of males (922/62.72%), and a higher incidence of ATL in the white ethnic group (731/49.72%). We observed a high incidence of ATL in the group of 20 - 39 years old (477/32.44%). We concluded that there was a decrease in the number of ATL cases in the state of Rio de Janeiro, based on a coefficient of detection of 1.44/100.000 inhabitants in 2004 decreasing to 0.20/100.000 inhabitants in 2013. The localities with the highest occurrences of ATL were the metropolitan region (843 cases) and the municipality of Rio de Janeiro (740 cases). In 2005, the highest incidence of the disease was observed (351 cases) in the study. Among the variables selected to describe the epidemiology of the disease, the following categories: cutaneous clinical form, male patients, white ethnic group, and the age group of 20 - 39 years old were more affected than the others.

The Dermatobia hominis larvae (Linnaeus Jr., 1781) (Diptera: Cuterebridae) causes a subcutaneous nodular miyasis and brings about irreversible perforation on skin, which damages the leather and therefore lowers its price for commercialization. The main purpose of the present work is to establish the larva distribution in cattle corporal area and also to define the infestation according to sex, age and color of skin. This survey was elaborated covering 8124 cattle slaughted in a slaughterhouse in Nilópolis city, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, with the intention of to identify larvae localization and distribution. The leather surface was divided into four regions: I (left anterior quadrant), II (right anterior quadrant), III (left posterior quadrant), IV (right posterior quadrant); the skin color was also registered. 84,8% leather skin examined were totally free from parasite. The incidence of parasited on region I was significantly larger: 33.4% (3029), on region II 30.9% (2796), on region III 20% (1813), on region IV 15.7% (1423). As to sex frequency the females presented more parasites 16.7% (342) than the males 14.7% (894). The adults were more vulnerable (15.4%) than the younger ones (12.1%). The parasite appeared more in black skins (18.1%), black and red (15.2%), black and white (15.3%), red (15.2%), spotted (13.2%), gray (11.8%).