Both pay out for all the trials (pay-all) and pay out for only one randomly selected trial (pay-one), are widely used in economics experiments to elicit choices from study participants. However, whether pay-all and pay-one payments modulate risk-taking and decision-making in the same manner remains controversial. In the present study, we used event-related potentials (ERPs) with the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) to investigate the effects of the pay-all and pay-one payments on dynamic sequential decision-making behavior under uncertainty and brain activity.Behavioral data showed an increased uncertainty aversion, especially after negative feedback (balloon explosion) during the BART in the pay-all condition, as compared to those in the pay-one condition. The ERP data demonstrated a larger feedbackrelated negativity (FRN) in response to the balloons that exploded during decisionmaking in the pay-all condition, as compared to those in the pay-one condition. In addition, in the pay-all condition, the FRN amplitude elicited by the explosion of the balloon correlated with the future decision-making behavior, although this correlation was not observed in the pay-one condition. In contrast, the P300 component was unresponsive to payment method manipulation. These findings demonstrate the differential effects of the pay-all versus the pay-one payments on decision-making behavior under uncertainty and brain activity, suggesting that the payment method plays an important role in dynamic decision-making studies.

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High-level sensation seeking (HSS) has been linked to a range of risky and unhealthy behavior; however, the neural mechanisms underlying such linkage remain unclear. In the present study, we used event-related potential (ERP) with a Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) to investigate how sensation seeking modulates brain responses to sequential decision-making with variable reward/loss outcome magnitudes. Behavior data showed that decision-making behavior was significantly affected by the large compared with the small magnitude of monetary outcome in the BART for individuals with low-level sensation seeking (LSS), but not for individuals with HSS. Similarly, HSS individuals displayed no changes in feedback-related negativity (FRN) in response to negative outcomes from decision-making with large or small reward/loss magnitudes, whereas LSS individuals showed greater FRN in response to decision-making with large loss magnitude than those with small loss magnitude. In addition, FRN amplitude differences correlated with decision-making behavior changes from small to large outcome magnitude for LSS, while such correlation was not observed for HSS. These findings suggest that a high-level of sensation seeking is associated with behavioral and neural insensitivity to increased negative outcome during decision-making under uncertainty, which may lead to greater risky behavior in these individuals when facing potential loss. Keywords Sensation seeking . Feedback-related negativity . Balloon Analogue Risk TaskHuman decision-making behaviors are influenced by a number of personality factors, including sensation seeking and impulsivity. Sensation seeking, a personality trait defined as the seeking of varied, novel, complex, and intense sensations and experiences, and willingness to take physical, social, legal, and financials risks for the sake of such experience (Zuckerman, 1994), has been linked to participation in various unhealthy and risky activities, including risky driving (Jonah, 1997), excessive gambling (Harris, Newby, & Klein, 2015), physically risky sports (Ruedl et al., 2015), aggressive and/or unsocialized behavior (Wilson & Scarpa, 2011), and substance use (Bardo et al., 2007). Compared to individuals with the low sensation-seeking (LSS) trait, individuals with the high sensation-seeking (HSS) trait tend to exhibit greater subjective rewarding effects when using psychostimulants, such as alcohol and d-amphetamine, or when ignoring traffic rules Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

White light emitting diodes (WLEDs) are widely used due to their advantages of high efficiency, low electricity consumption, long service life, quick response time, environmental protection, and so on. The addition of red phosphor is beneficial to further improve the quality of WLEDs. The search for novel red phosphors has focused mainly on Eu2+ ion- and Mn4+ ion-doped compounds. Both of them have emissions in the red region, absorption in blue region, and similar quantum yields. Eu2+-doped phosphors possess a rather broad-band emission with a tail in the deep red spectral range, where the sensitivity of the human eye is significantly reduced, resulting in a decrease in luminous efficacy of WLEDs. Mn4+ ions provide a narrow emission band ~670 nm in oxide hosts, which is still almost unrecognizable to the human eye. Mn4+-doped fluoride phosphors have become one of the research hotspots in recent years due to their excellent fluorescent properties, thermal stability, and low cost. They possess broad absorption in the blue region, and a series of narrow red emission bands at around 630 nm, which are suitable to serve as red emitting components of WLEDs. However, the problem of easy hydrolysis in humid environments limits their application. Recent studies have shown that constructing a core–shell structure can effectively improve the water resistance of Mn4+-doped fluorides. This paper outlines the research progress of Mn4+-doped fluoride A2MF6 (A = Li, Na, K, Cs, or Rb; M = Si, Ti, Ge or Sn), which has been based on the core–shell structure in recent years. From the viewpoint of the core–shell structure, this paper mainly emphasizes the shell layer classification, synthesis methods, luminescent mechanism, the effect on luminescent properties, and water resistance, and it also gives some applications in terms of WLEDs. Moreover, it proposes challenges and developments in the future.

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