The high-throughput - next generation sequencing (HT-NGS) technologies are currently the hottest topic in the field of human and animals genomics researches, which can produce over 100 times more data compared to the most sophisticated capillary sequencers based on the Sanger method. With the ongoing developments of high throughput sequencing machines and advancement of modern bioinformatics tools at unprecedented pace, the target goal of sequencing individual genomes of living organism at a cost of $1,000 each is seemed to be realistically feasible in the near future. In the relatively short time frame since 2005, the HT-NGS technologies are revolutionizing the human and animal genome researches by analysis of chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to DNA microarray (ChIP-chip) or sequencing (ChIP-seq), RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), whole genome genotyping, genome wide structural variation, de novo assembling and re-assembling of genome, mutation detection and carrier screening, detection of inherited disorders and complex human diseases, DNA library preparation, paired ends and genomic captures, sequencing of mitochondrial genome and personal genomics. In this review, we addressed the important features of HT-NGS like, first generation DNA sequencers, birth of HT-NGS, second generation HT-NGS platforms, third generation HT-NGS platforms: including single molecule Heliscope™, SMRT™ and RNAP sequencers, Nanopore, Archon Genomics X PRIZE foundation, comparison of second and third HT-NGS platforms, applications, advances and future perspectives of sequencing technologies on human and animal genome research.

Expression patterns of candidate genes with important functions in animal metabolism can help to identify potential molecular markers for cattle production traits. Reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction is a method for rapid and accurate mRNA quantification. However, for exact comparison of mRNA quantity in various samples or tissues, it is important to choose appropriate reference genes. In cattle, little information is available on the expression stability of housekeeping genes (HKGs). The aim of the present study is to develop a set of reference genes that can be used for normalization of concentrations of mRNAs of genes expressed in the bovine liver, kidney, pituitary and thyroid. The study was performed on 6-, 9-, and 12-month-old bulls of dairy and meat cattle breeds. Six HKGs were investigated: ACTB, GAPDH, HPRTI, SDHA, TBP, and YWHAZ. The most stably expressed potential reference HKGs differed among tissues/organs examined: ACTB, TBP, YWHAZ, GAPDH, HPRTI, and SDHA in the liver; GAPDH and YWHAZ in the kidney; GAPDH and SDHA in the pituitary; and TBP and HPRTI in the thyroid. The results showed that the use of a single gene for normalization may lead to relatively large errors, so it is important to use multiple control genes based on a survey of potential reference genes applied to representative samples from specific experimental conditions.

The dietary recommendation encourages reducing saturated fatty acids (SFA) in diet and replacing them with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) n–3 (omega–3) and n–6 (omega–6) to decrease the risk of metabolic disturbances. Consequently, excessive n–6 PUFAs content and high n–6/n–3 ratio are found in Western-type diet. The importance of a dietary n–6/n–3 ratio to prevent chronic diseases is linked with anti-inflammatory functions of linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n–3) and longer-chain n–3 PUFAs. Thus, this review provides an overview of the role of oxylipins derived from n–3 PUFAs and oxylipins formed from n–6 PUFAs on inflammation. Evidence of PUFAs’ role in carcinogenesis was also discussed. In vitro studies, animal cancer models and epidemiological studies demonstrate that these two PUFA groups have different effects on the cell growth, proliferation and progression of neoplastic lesions.

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