Dialysis Disequilibrium Syndrome (DDS) is a set of neurological signs and symptoms that can occur during or following dialysis. Osmotic fluid gradient alteration caused by the dialysis process can cause cerebral edema. This process relates to the changes of high gradient urea in both the blood and central nervous system (CNS), which can modulate extracellular fluid influx into brain cells. A 77-year-old woman presented with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension with headache and tonic-clonic seizure following initial hemodialysis. In this case, we identified that adjustment to the hemodialysis prescriptions such as duration, blood flow rate, and target reduction of blood urea would be the key to avoid seizure following hemodialysis.

Stroke has been known as the second greatest cause of mortality and the third cause of disability. Ischemic stroke is more frequent than hemorrhagic stroke. The pathophysiology of ischemic stroke relates with inflammatory process. Neutrophil and lymphocyte are part of that process. Routine peripheral hematological laboratory, which contains information of neutrophil and lymphocyte, is easy, cheap and rapid test. This literature review purposes to explain the modality of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in predicting the recurrence, disability and mortality of ischemic stroke following acute phase.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become outbreak in the world since December 2020. The higher incidence and transmission of COVID-19, the higher virulence of the disease. Besides respiratory manifestations, the most common symptoms in COVID-19 are neurological manifestations. The major neurological manifestations in COVID-19 are headache and dizziness. Headache is more common as chief complaint in emergency room and hospitalized patients than dizziness. Therefore, this review aims to outline the characteristics of headache in COVID-19. The conclusion of this review is that the characteristics of headache in COVID-19 are moderate-severe intensity, frontal-temporal region, pulsatile and tightening quality, constant duration and commonly associate with one or more COVID-19 symptoms.

The emerge of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), previously known as novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, has spread throughout the world. COVID-19 is known to cause respiratory disease. However, several scientific studies have shown nervous system involvement in COVID-19 infection. The potential mechanisms of this infectious disease transmission to the brain are through infected olfactory epithelium, hematogenous spread and immune-related pathway. Nervous system involvement in COVID-19 infection can be classified as central nervous system (CNS) involvement, peripheral nervous system involvement (PNS) and muscle. CNS involvement, including headache, cerebrovascular disease, impaired consciousness, meningitis, encephalitis, dizziness and seizure. PNS manifestations, such as anosmia, ageusia or dysgeusia, oculomotor nerve palsy and Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). Myalgia or arthralgia is the most common presentation of muscle involvement in COVID-19 infection. This review concludes that neurological disorders as COVID-19 clinical features must be recognized by medical professionals in order to have appropriate diagnosis and treatment so that COVID-19 patients can have better prognosis.

Aging is the primary risk factor for various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is the most frequent form of Dementia. AD is progressive neurodegenerative disease with abnormal protein production, inflammation and memory deterioration. The main clinical manifestations of this illness are cognitive disturbance and memory deficit. Abnormal of beta-amyloid (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and tau deposition are the most common findings pathology in this disease. Recent studies indicate that epigenetic modifications strongly correlate in developing these pathology and disease progression. The hallmarks of epigenetic modifications are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling and ncRNA (non-coding ribonucleic acid) expressions. This review aims to explain the potential mechanisms of epigenetic modifications associate with this disease. The general conclusion of this review is that epigenetic modifications play an ultimate role in AD and there are potential biomarkers of AD and future novel treatment of AD based on epigenetics.