Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a potentially life‑threatening condition which is more common in elderly people, and young are relatively protected. Its incidence in young Indians is about 12-16%. Currently, the protective effect on young from coronary artery disease (CAD) is taken away by several risk factors. The aim of this study is to determine the conventional and new emerging risk factors like hyperhomocysteinemia and lipoprotein a (Lp [a]) which are suggested to play an important role in myocardial infarction (MI). Methods: This study was a hospital‑based retrospective cross‑sectional analytical study involving 61 patients aged ≤40years presented with signs and symptoms of ACS confirmed by ECG changes and cardiac enzyme levels admitted in the cardiac ICU from April 2019 to March 2020.Results: Although ACS is a less common entity in young adults aged ≤40 years, smoking was the most common cause of the MI (75%) in young adults. Homocysteine and Lp (a) should be measured in young MI patients. Smoking cessation and prevention of diabetes and hypertension (HTN) should be encouraged.Conclusions: Smoking was the most common cause of the MI (75%) in young adults and is the major modifiable risk factor for MI in very young patients which needs strict prevention. Young patients with CAD were mainly males. There is a need for early detection of a risk factor to prevent the progression of ACS,

Background: Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disturbance in geriatric age group owing to impaired ability to maintain water and electrolyte homeostasis and it contributes to substantial morbidity and mortality. The etiology is multifactorial. Hyponatremia may be euvolemic, hypovolemic or hypervolemic with euvolemic being the most common and most of the patients presents with nonspecific symptoms. As aggressive or inappropriate therapy of hyponatraemia can be more harmful than the condition itself, clinicians should be familiar with the diagnosis and management of various forms of hyponatraemia in order to deliver precise management. The aim is to assess the clinical profile of hyponatremia in medically ill patients, its etiology and associated morbidity and mortality.Methods: This study was a hospital based retrospective cross sectional observational study involving 150 patients aged ≥60 years presenting with signs and symptoms of hyponatremia confirmed by lab investigations (plasma sodium <135 meq/l) admitted to medical ward of tertiary care hospital of MIMS, Mandya from April 2019 to March 2020.Results: The most frequent symptom of presentation was nausea and vomiting (38.66%) and most of the patients had a euvolemic hydration status.Conclusions: The study thus focus the need for appropriate and timely diagnosis for reducing the associated morbidity and mortality associated with hyponatremia.