Purpose: Childhood blindness is second to cataract in terms of blind person years; population-based prevalence of ocular morbidity among tribal children has not been studied. We conducted this study to determine the prevalence of ocular morbidity in tribal children age 15 years or younger in Jawadhi hills, southern India. Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in four tribal villages where all children below 15 years of age were invited to participate in the study. After appropriate consent/assent, an optometrist assessed uncorrected vision refraction and best-corrected visual acuity using suitable techniques. A comprehensive ophthalmic examination was also done by an ophthalmologist to determine the presence of ocular morbidity. Children requiring cycloplegic refraction or further treatment were referred to the base hospital. Results: Among 260 children examined, the prevalence of ocular morbidity was 10.8% [95% confidence interval (CI): 6.3–13.7]. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) was the foremost morbidity: 4.6% (95% CI 1.6–6.3) followed by refractive error (2.7%). Three (10.7%) children had more than one ocular morbidity. Nearly 1 in 10 tribal children suffer from ocular morbidity and 1 in 57 had low vision. Conclusion: VAD is a public health problem in this tribal region which requires immediate intervention with prophylaxis and treatment. Uncorrected refractive errors in school-age children also need to be attended.

Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a potentially life‑threatening condition which is more common in elderly people, and young are relatively protected. Its incidence in young Indians is about 12-16%. Currently, the protective effect on young from coronary artery disease (CAD) is taken away by several risk factors. The aim of this study is to determine the conventional and new emerging risk factors like hyperhomocysteinemia and lipoprotein a (Lp [a]) which are suggested to play an important role in myocardial infarction (MI). Methods: This study was a hospital‑based retrospective cross‑sectional analytical study involving 61 patients aged ≤40years presented with signs and symptoms of ACS confirmed by ECG changes and cardiac enzyme levels admitted in the cardiac ICU from April 2019 to March 2020.Results: Although ACS is a less common entity in young adults aged ≤40 years, smoking was the most common cause of the MI (75%) in young adults. Homocysteine and Lp (a) should be measured in young MI patients. Smoking cessation and prevention of diabetes and hypertension (HTN) should be encouraged.Conclusions: Smoking was the most common cause of the MI (75%) in young adults and is the major modifiable risk factor for MI in very young patients which needs strict prevention. Young patients with CAD were mainly males. There is a need for early detection of a risk factor to prevent the progression of ACS,

Background: Acute Kidney Injury is a common condition in critically ill children, and it is independently associated with increased mortality. Etiology of AKI in admitted patients is multi factorial. The present study was conducted to determine possible etiologies and to know short term outcome.Methods: A prospective case series study was conducted in our PICU from Nov 2014 to October 2015. The cases fulfilling criteria as AKI, as per definition were included in study. The urine output was monitored, base line blood urea and serum creatinine was estimated at admission and on alternate days till recovery. Investigations were done to know exact etiology of prerenal, renal or post renal AKI. Cases were managed accordingly and short term outcome was noted.Results: Out of 150 cases studied, 87(58%) were boys and 63(42%) were girls.  Ninety three cases (62%) had oliguria and remaining patients had non-oliguric AKI. Majority of cases in the study belonged to prerenal AKI, followed by renal and post renal AKI. Amongst 150 cases,136 children managed conservatively,11 cases required hemodialysis and 3 cases peritoneal dialysis. In our study, 16 cases succumbed with mortality of 10.66%.Conclusion: AKI is common associated condition in children admitted to PICU. AKI is commonly seen with acute gastroenteritis with severe dehydration, sepsis, glomerulonephritis and dengue shock syndrome. Most of these conditions are easily preventable. Early and effective management of hypovolemic shock and sepsis is also crucial in prevention of AKI.

Background: Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disturbance in geriatric age group owing to impaired ability to maintain water and electrolyte homeostasis and it contributes to substantial morbidity and mortality. The etiology is multifactorial. Hyponatremia may be euvolemic, hypovolemic or hypervolemic with euvolemic being the most common and most of the patients presents with nonspecific symptoms. As aggressive or inappropriate therapy of hyponatraemia can be more harmful than the condition itself, clinicians should be familiar with the diagnosis and management of various forms of hyponatraemia in order to deliver precise management. The aim is to assess the clinical profile of hyponatremia in medically ill patients, its etiology and associated morbidity and mortality.Methods: This study was a hospital based retrospective cross sectional observational study involving 150 patients aged ≥60 years presenting with signs and symptoms of hyponatremia confirmed by lab investigations (plasma sodium <135 meq/l) admitted to medical ward of tertiary care hospital of MIMS, Mandya from April 2019 to March 2020.Results: The most frequent symptom of presentation was nausea and vomiting (38.66%) and most of the patients had a euvolemic hydration status.Conclusions: The study thus focus the need for appropriate and timely diagnosis for reducing the associated morbidity and mortality associated with hyponatremia.