Modification of hydrogen-free diamond-like carbon (DLC) is presented, with acrylic acid (AA) vapor carried into a vacuum chamber by argon and with the in situ assistance of low-power radio frequency (RF) plasma at a temperature below 100°C. Measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique, the roughness (Ra) of the DLC was 1.063±0.040 nm. XPS and FT-IR spectra analysis showed that carboxyl groups were immobilized on the surface of the DLC films, with about 40% of carboxyl group area coverage. It was found that the RF plasma and reaction time are important in enhancing the modification rate and efficiency.

As the important component of soil, soil organic matter not only provides every nutrient element for crop, but also has determinant effect for forming of soil structure and melioration the soil physical character. Mapping and dating soil organic matter is of great importance in soil use and evaluation. In this study we examine the feasibility of soil organic matter content by using Hyperspectrally reflective remote sensing methodology. This technique was tested in Xiaochang County located in Hubei province. The soil reflectance properties of samples were measured in the laboratory by ASD field spectrometer. The correlation analysis related with organic matter content was processed from three factors: the spectral reflectance parameter ((lgρ)', ρ/ ρ 450-750 and (1/lgρ 623 )'/ (1/lgρ 564 )'). The results show that the correlation coefficients of r values were: organic matter identification index (ρ/ ρ 450-750 ) ＞logarithmic first derivative of reflectivity ((lgρ)') ＞organic matter mix identification index ((1/lgρ 623 )'/ (1/lgρ 564 )'). Knowing these correlations we were able to use the best prominence correlation of organic matter identification index of 1850nm wavelength as the variable regression to build up statistical regression analysis. We used five model types (Linear Function, Logarithmic Function, Quadratic Function, Power Function and Exponential Function) to forecast the soil organic matter content Hyperion model. The accuracy assessment (R 2 ＝0.8484) by relating forecasted organic matter values with Quadratic Function regression showed that the model is reliable and significantly correlative with known stabilization processes throughout the study area. The quantitative methodology developed in this study for refutations soil organic matter content can be adapted to other regions throughout the world.

Tissue engineering (TE) aims at restoring tissue defects by applying the three-dimensional (3D) biomimetic pre-formed scaffolds to restore, maintain, and enhance tissue growth. Broadly speaking, this approach has created a potential impact in anticipating organ-building, which could reduce the need for organ replacement therapy. However, the implantation of such cell-laden biomimetic constructs based on substantial open surgeries often results in severe inflammatory reactions at the incision site, leading to the generation of a harsh adverse environment where cell survival is low. To overcome such limitations, micro-sized injectable modularized units based on various biofabrication approaches as ideal delivery vehicles for cells and various growth factors have garnered compelling interest owing to their minimally-invasive nature, ease of packing cells, and improved cell retention efficacy. Several advancements have been made in fabricating various 3D biomimetic microscale carriers for cell delivery applications. In this review, we explicitly discuss the progress of the microscale cell carriers that potentially pushed the borders of TE, highlighting their design, ability to deliver cells and substantial tissue growth in situ and in vivo from different viewpoints of materials chemistry and biology. Finally, we summarize the perspectives highlighting current challenges and expanding opportunities of these innovative carriers.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a wide band gap semiconductor with band gap of 3.3eV and attracts much interest in its luminescence characteristic. As literatures reported, the ultraviolet and visible light emissions of ZnO films are caused by band-to-band transition and deep level emission, respectively. The deep level emission was believed to be caused by the intrinsic defects such as oxygen vacancies and zinc interstitial.In this study, ZnO films were successfully deposited on SiO 2 /Si substrates at room temperature (RT) and annealed at ambient atmosphere from 200к to 900к.From the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, the (002) peak were found to be the dominated peak of ZnO thin films annealed from 200к to 900к. However, there exists a Zn (101) peak located at 2Ӱ=43.175̓ as the films were annealed from 200к to 500к and it disappears as the annealing temperature is above 600к. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that the grain seems small as the annealing temperature is within 200к to 400к and becomes larger as the annealing temperature reaches 500 к . The grain boundaries are not clear and the grain represents a melting status from 500к to 700к. The grain boundaries are apparent as the temperature attains to 900к. The structural transformation of ZnO films annealed at 400к and 500к might be considered as the bonding formation of the melting zinc atoms with oxygen atoms because the melting point of zinc is around 420 к . According to the PL measurement shown in Fig. 1, the characteristic ultraviolet (UV) luminescence located at 375nm appeared and became stronger as the annealing temperature increased from 200к to 500к. As the annealing temperature was kept increasing upto 600к, the UV emission intensity was lower down and the green light emission appeared. As the annealing temperatures were increased from 600к to 900к, the UV emission intensity became weaker and the green emission intensity was stronger. The strongest visible emission appeared when ZnO film was annealed at 900к. 849 0-7803-9217-5/05/$20.00©2005 IEEE

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