Autophagy is one of the degradation pathways to remove proteins or damaged organelles in cells that plays an important role in neuroprotection. Different stages of autophagy are regulated by autophagy‐related genes, and many molecules such as transcription factor EB (TFEB) are involved. The complete autophagy process plays an important role in maintaining the dynamic balance of autophagy and is crucial to the homeostasis of intracellular substance and energy metabolism. Autophagy balance is disrupted in neurodegenerative diseases, accounting for a variety of degeneration disorders. These impairments can be alleviated or treated by the regulation of autophagy through molecules such as TFEB.

Childhood is a critical period for brain development. Early-life neglect has been a social trend during global urbanization, leading to negative effects in both urban and rural areas. 1 Exposure to earlylife neglect induces early-life stress (ELS), which has extensive influences on the central nervous system, including behavior, emotion, and cognition, and could increase the risk of long-lasting effects on brain development 2 and changes in personal characteristic, and may cause symptoms including cognitive impairment, 3 anxiety, depression, addiction, 4 and impulsivity. 5 These effects are the result of gene × environment interactions.Literature reports that multiple brain areas contribute to the pathogenesis of clinical manifestations, such as the amygdala,