Genotype x environment interaction analysis of multi-environment wheat trials in India using AMMI and GGE biplot models

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Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) having adverse effects on both crop yields and quality, is one of the major constraints of wheat production in areas with high rainfall. In the north-eastern parts of India and also many areas of the world receiving rainfall during the late maturity stages of the crop affects both grain yields and quality. PHS trait is polygenic trait and affected by number of environmental factors. The available diversity in germplasm for the trait is very limited and for improving tolerance to PHS newer sources needs to be identified. The primary cause of pre-harvest sprouting is the breakdown or lacking of seed dormancy under humid and wet conditions along with the degradation of starch in the germinated seeds due to enhanced alpha amylase activity. This review describes the factors affecting the pre-harvest sprouting tolerance, genes associated with it, physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanism involved, screening technique and breeding approaches to develop PHS s tolerant wheat genotypes.

In this study an attempt has been made to develop climatology of thunderstorm, hail and squall over the northeast and adjoining east India region based on data of 26 India Meteorological Department (IMD) observatories for the months of April and May during 1981-2008. The data of 8 Indian Air Force (IAF) observatories in these regions which are available for the period of 1991-2008 have also been considered. The interannual & intraseasonal variation, climate change aspects and diurnal variation of occurrence of thunderstorms have been analysed and discussed. The frequency and time of occurrence of thunderstorm, hail and squall days over the region show large spatial variation. The orographically dominant regions as well as the coastal areas are more prone for such activity. There is increasing trend in number of thunderstorm days over some parts of south coastal Orissa and coastal West Bengal and decreasing trend over some parts of north coastal Orissa, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura in recent years.

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