Toxin production by C. botulinurn type E was studied in cod, whiting, and flounder filets packaged in air-permeable film, vacuum packages and packages flushed with Nz or CO2 during storage at 8'; 12") or 26'C. Cod and whiting filets were flushed with CO2 and stored continuously at 4'C or cycled between 4" or 8' and 26°C. Cod and whiting fillets were flushed with gas mixtures and stored at 8'C or 26'C. Flounder deteriorated rapidly and was rejected by sensory evaluation prior to toxin detection during vacuum or modified atmosphere storage at 12"C and 8'C but after toxin detection at 26°C. Toxin was present either prior to or simultaneously with sensory rejection of cod and whiting fillets for all vacuum or modified atmosphere treatments and temperature regimens.

Hundreds of fruit species with commercial potential are currently in a status of low economic importance. Some, such as quince, pomegranate, and fi gs, have been cultivated for thousands of years. Others have only been locally collected and consumed from wild populations of the fruit. The development of these underappreciated crops depends on a range of factors including the cultivation limitations, yields, uses of the fruit, and marketing potential. Although initially many crops are developed using selections from the wild, as they are developed, breeding programs work toward improving the crop for both production and quality. This chapter examines nine emerging crops chosen among hundreds of potential crops which are currently showing much promise as commercial crops. These include fi ve tree fruits, namely, pawpaw, quince, mayhaw, pomegranate, and fi g, and four berry crops, namely, blue honeysuckle, elder, goji, and 'ōhelo. Erect plant with spreading branches, reaches 6 m without size control; fruit orange to red L. chinense P. Mill Prostrate rambler, can grow on itself to 2 m (WPSM p. 694-696); fruit orange to red L. ruthenicum Murr.

The pecan nut is a nutrient-rich part of a healthy diet full of beneficial fatty acids and antioxidants, but can also cause allergic reactions in people suffering from food allergy to the nuts. The transcriptome of a developing pecan nut was characterized to identify the gene expression occurring during the process of nut development and to highlight those genes involved in fatty acid metabolism and those that commonly act as food allergens. Pecan samples were collected at several time points during the embryo development process including the water, gel, dough, and mature nut stages. Library preparation and sequencing were performed using Illumina-based mRNA HiSeq with RNA from four time points during the growing season during August and September 2012. Sequence analysis with Trinotate software following the Trinity protocol identified 133,000 unigenes with 52,267 named transcripts and 45,882 annotated genes. A total of 27,312 genes were defined by GO annotation. Gene expression clustering analysis identified 12 different gene expression profiles, each containing a number of genes. Three pecan seed storage proteins that commonly act as allergens, Car i 1, Car i 2, and Car i 4, were significantly up-regulated during the time course. Up-regulated fatty acid metabolism genes that were identified included acyl-[ACP] desaturase and omega-6 desaturase genes involved in oleic and linoleic acid metabolism. Notably, a few of the up-regulated acyl-[ACP] desaturase and omega-6 desaturase genes that were identified have expression patterns similar to the allergen genes based upon gene expression clustering and qPCR analysis. These findings suggest the possibility of coordinated accumulation of lipids and allergens during pecan nut embryogenesis.

Diploid plums (Prunus L. sp.) and their progenitor species were characterized for randomly amplified polymorphic DNA polymorphisms. Bootstrap analysis indicated the variance of genetic similarities differed little when the sample size was >80 markers. Two species from China (Prunus salicina Lindl. and P. simonii Carr.) and one species from Europe (P. cerasifera Ehrh.) contributed the bulk (72% to 90%) of the genetic background to the cultivated diploid plum. The southeastern plum gene pool was more diverse than those from California, Florida, or South Africa because of the greater contribution of P. cerasifera and P. angustifolia Marsh. to its genetic background.

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