IN examining sections of tumours which have not passed through alcohol there are often t o be seen crystals of a fatty nature: either among the cells or in the connective tissue.
The relative importance of laryngeal afferents in the cough reflex in humans is unknown. This study was designed to investigate the importance of superior laryngeal nerve afferents in the cough reflex induced by inhaled nebulized citric acid in awake humans. Nine healthy volunteers had their cough thresholds to inhaled nebulized citric acid measured after superior laryngeal nerve conduction blockade and after a sham nerve block. Of the nine subjects, four showed no change in cough threshold after superior laryngeal nerve anesthesia, three showed increased cough threshold after nerve block compared with no block, and two showed decreased cough threshold after nerve block. The geometric means of the cough thresholds for the nerve block vs. sham block tests were 16 +/- 13 (SD) and 15 +/- 8% citric acid, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference (Wilcoxon signed-rank test) between the cough thresholds with and without superior laryngeal nerve block (P > 0.05). We conclude that, in the awake human, superior laryngeal nerve afferents do not play a necessary role in initiation of citric acid-induced cough.
of Newton-le-Willows for t h e opportunity of examining and recording this case.CAsE.-The patient was 15 months old when the mother first drew the attention of Dr. Watkins to the enlargement of the testis. It was diagnosed as a turnour, and the diagnosis was confirmed on consultation with Mr. A. H. Burgess of hfanchester. Operation was postponed for a short time because the child had a febrile attack, and the testis was removed by Dr. Watkins when the patient was 16g months old (March 1909). There was no infiltration of the cord and the operation was successful, the child being quite well five months later.
IN discussing the origin of carcinoma we have two factors which require consideration : the proliferation of the epithelial cells and the penetration of these cells into the subjacent tissue. Under normal circumstances the proliferatim of epithelial cells is limited in amount, and the position of these cells is restricted to the investment of free surfaces, tubes, etc. I n carcinoma the epithelial cells show an unliniited capacity for proliferation, and penetrate into the subjacent connective tissue. The question of the origin of carcinoma is thus bound up in the nature of the influences which, in normal conditions, control cell proliferation and cell position.
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