The clinical problem of the black client who is nondisclosing to the white therapist is examined. Individual verbal psychotherapy, which has its roots in Freud, often places the black client in a paradoxical situation. Although client self-disclosure is generally considered essential for maximizing therapeutic outcomes, complex intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social factors often affect the black client's willingness to self-disclose. Regardless of the black client's level of self-disclosure, white-therapist/ black-client relationships tend to result in unhealthful consequences for the client. This article explores these consequences and concludes with two sets of recommendations to counteract this problem.

A critical review of the multicultural counseling literature revealed 4 limitations of previous conceptualizations of cultural sensitivity. These limitations are definitional variance, inadequate descriptions of indicators of cultural sensitivity, a lack of theoretical grounding, and limitations in measurement and research designs. After these limitations are explored, cultural sensitivity is defined as a distinct perceptual process. A model of cultural sensitivity is proposed that contextualizes the construct in perceptual schema theory. Five possible nomological processes are described. Implications for future research are discussed.

A number of scholars have proposed the common factors perspective as the future direction of marriage and family therapy (MFT). Although intuitively appealing, the case for the common factors perspective is not as clear-cut as proponents portray. In its current form, the common factors perspective overlooks the multilevel nature of practice, the diversity of clients and settings, and the complexity of therapeutic change. In contrast, comprehensive process-based change models are an alternative to the limitations of common factors. In this article, we consider the limitations of the common factors perspective and propose the necessary and sufficient components and processes that might comprise comprehensive, multilevel, process-based therapeutic change models in MFT.

This study sought to find evidence for: (a) a relationship between increased levels of work‐related social support and decreased burnout, (b) a relationship between personality traits and burnout, and (c) a significant interaction of social support and extraversion in relation to burnout. Seventy‐six staff nurses and their supervisors at a private medical hospital participated as subjects. Two subscales of the Work Environment Scale measured social support. Personality was measured using an instrument known as PROSCAN, and Scale H of the 16PF. Burnout was measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory. A strong negative correlation between work‐related social support and burnout was found. Also, nurses whose supervisors received positive‐feedback training showed significant reductions in emotional exhaustion, compared to those whose supervisors did not receive this training. Some dimensions of personality explained a significant amount of burnout. The study also provided further evidence of the interactive effect of social support and extraversion in relation to an emotional distress variable. That is, extraverted nurses required more work‐related peer support than did introverts to avoid emotional exhaustion. Suggestions for further research are given.

The current outcome study operationalized a brief"Christian" form of rational-emotive therapy (CRET)