The final document is not a systematic literature review. It includes relevant research when available, as well as expert opinion on the current understanding of functional constipation in children with lower urinary tract symptoms. The document is intended to be clinically useful in primary, secondary and tertiary care settings.

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The empirical treatment approach of managing bowel symptoms before intervening for bladder dysfunction in children with BBD is found to be appropriate.

TAI is an effective, well-tolerated, and safe choice in children with FC. No clinical parameters seemed to predict response to treatment. The number of children with FNRFI was low, but TAI seemed effective in this group of children. What is Known: • Functional fecal incontinence (FFI) is a frequent, chronic condition with significant impact on children's quality of life. • Transanal irrigation (TAI) is used in children with neurogenic bowel dysfunction but less studied in children with functional defecation disorders. What is New: • TAI seems an effective, well-tolerated, and safe choice in children with FFI due to functional constipation. • Albeit the number of children with functional non-retentive fecal incontinence was low in our study, TAI seems effective also in this group of children.

Improved self-management behavior caused by access to self-motivated Web-based information induced faster short-term recovery during the treatment of functional constipation. Patient empowerment rather than health care-promoted follow-up may be a step toward more effective treatment for childhood constipation.