In tissue engineering, a highly porous artificial extracellular matrix or scaffold is required to accommodate mammalian cells and guide their growth and tissue regeneration in three dimensions. However, existing three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering proved less than ideal for actual applications, not only because they lack mechanical strength, but they also do not guarantee interconnected channels. In this paper, the authors analyze the factors necessary to enhance the design and manufacture of scaffolds for use in tissue engineering in terms of materials, structure, and mechanical properties and review the traditional scaffold fabrication methods. Advantages and limitations of these traditional methods are also discussed.
It is well known that adding small amounts of Ti and B into aluminium casting alloys increase the fluidity, feedability, strength, fatigue resistance and pressure tightness. These occur because of Ti and B within the master alloys create heterogeneous nucleation sites by forming such intermetallic compounds as TiB 2 , Al 3 Ti and AlB 2. It is also known that the solidification time is influential on the formation of final grain size of aluminium cast parts. However the combining effects of both grain refining and solidification time has not been studied properly. Therefore, in this work, the effects of the grain refining and solidification time have been investigated on a sand-cast Al-4wt%Cu alloy. To determine solidification time effect, a tests mould having different section thickness has been used.
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