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In recent years, Cambodia has demonstrated significant success in specific aspects of immunization with gains through campaign efforts in measles control and polio eradication. In contrast, routine immunization rates have failed to improve over the last five years. In response, the National Immunization Program of the Ministry of Health developed a coverage improvement planning (CIP) process. This paper describes the CIP process in Cambodia, including identified barriers to and strategies for improving coverage. Immunization coverage rose in 8 of 10 pilot districts in the year following the introduction of CIP in 2003. The mean increase in DPT3 coverage across pilot districts on an annual basis was 16%, which provides encouraging early evidence for the effectiveness of the intervention. Factors associated with success in coverage improvement included: (1) development of a needs-based micro-plan, (2) application of performance-based contracting between levels of management, (3) investment in social mobilization, (4) securing finance for health outreach programs and (5) strengthened monitoring systems. Lessons learned will guide program expansion to improve immunization coverage nationally.

The objective of this study was the characterisation of the traditional milk chain in Western Region (The Gambia) and Kolda (Southern Senegal); and the analysis of milk chain actors' risk behaviours for milk-borne diseases transmission. For this purpose, cattle herds involved in milk production, milk collectors, milk vendors and small-scale milk processing units were surveyed in the two study sites. A similar general milk chain organisation was found in the two sites with some particularities in farm management, compliance with hygienic measures at different levels, treatment of milk and milk consumption patterns. This results in a variable degree of risk of consumers' exposure to milk-borne diseases. Although the quality of the milk has been improved with the development of small-scale milk processing units, serious efforts are still needed with respect to pasteurisation procedure and to change the mindset of consumers who prefer in their majority drinking raw milk, fresh or soured, without any prior treatment.

The aim of this study was

Cette étude décrit la situation et analyse l'importance économique de la traction hippomobile urbaine et périurbaine au Sénégal, à partir du cas de la ville de Thiès. Cent attelages (64 fiacres et 36 charrettes) ont été choisis au hasard et leurs cochers ont été interrogés. Les données collectées ont concerné les cochers et les chevaux, les caractéristiques et la gestion des attelages et enfin les résultats économiques (coûts, recettes et gains). Pour un travail de six jours par semaine, les fiacres et les charrettes ont généré pour le propriétaire de l'attelage un gain monétaire net quotidien moyen équivalent respectivement à 61%  (2 202 francs CFA) et 66% (2 779 FCFA) de leur chiffre d'affaires quotidien respectif (3 600 et 4 200 FCFA). Les charrettes sont apparues légèrement plus rentables car leurs tarifs étaient plus élevés. L'importance économique du cheval est illustrée et des recommandations sont proposées pour améliorer ses performances et sa participation à l'économie nationale.