The human brain shows neuroplastic adaptations caused by motor skill training. Of note, there is little known about the plastic architecture of the whole-brain network in resting state. The purpose of the present study was to detect how motor training affected the density distribution of whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity (FC). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data was assessed based on a comparison of fast-ball student athletes (SA) and non-athlete healthy controls (NC). The voxel-wise data-driven graph theory approach, global functional connectivity density (gFCD) mapping, was applied. Results showed that the SA group exhibited significantly decreased gFCD in brain regions centered at the left triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), extending to the opercular part of the left IFG and middle frontal gyrus compared to the NC group. In addition, findings suggested the idea of an increased neural efficiency of athletes' brain regions associated with attentional-motor modulation and executive control. Furthermore, behavioral results showed that in the SA group, faster executive control reaction time relates to smaller gFCD values in the left IFG. These findings suggested that the motor training would decrease the numbers of FC in IFG to accelerate the executive control with high attentional demands and enable SA to rapidly focus the attention to detect the intriguing target.

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This study explored how the neural efficiency and proficiency worked in athletes with different skill levels from the perspective of effective connectivity brain network in resting state. The deconvolved conditioned Granger causality (GC) analysis was applied to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data of 35 elite athletes (EAs) and 42 student‐athletes (SAs) of racket sports as well as 39 normal controls (NCs), to obtain the voxel‐wised hemodynamic response function (HRF) parameters representing the functional segregation and effective connectivity representing the functional integration. The results showed decreased time‐to‐peak of HRF in the visual attention brain regions in the two athlete groups compared with NC and decreased response height in the advanced motor control brain regions in EA comparing to the nonelite groups, suggesting the neural efficiency represented by the regional HRF was different in early and advanced skill levels. GC analysis demonstrated that the GC values within the middle occipital gyrus had a linear trend from negative to positive, suggesting a stepwise “neural proficiency” of the effective connectivity from NC to SA then to EA. The GC values of the inter‐lobe circuits in EA had the trend to regress to NC levels, in agreement with the neural efficiency of these circuits in EA. Further feature selection approach suggested the important role of the cerebral‐brainstem GC circuit for discriminating EA. Our findings gave new insight into the complementary neural mechanisms in brain functional segregation and integration, which was associated with early and advanced skill levels in athletes of racket sports.

Based on Self-determination Theory (SDT), this research intends to analyze the effect of different physical education (PE) teachers’ teaching styles on students’ class participation motivation in universities. Students of some universities and colleges in Sichuan Province and Shanghai Municipality, China, are researched. Total 871 valid copies of questionnaire are retrieved for testing the research hypotheses. The results reveal positive correlation between incentive, intelligence inspiration and the intrinsic motivation of student learning as well as between charisma and the extrinsic motivation of student learning in transformational leadership. In transactional leadership, contingent reward and positive involving management show positive relationship with the intrinsic motivation of student learning, and negative involving management also presents positive relationship with the extrinsic motivation of student learning. Finally, it is suggested that PE teachers should build the situation which could satisfy the needs of autonomy, sense of competence and sense of belonging as well as create the physical education environment which could satisfy basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and sense of belonging to reinforce students’ positive motivation on physical education. Sports education is the most important education to develop the students’ physical and mental health. Keywords: self-determination theory, physical education, teacher’s leadership, participation motivation.

Review question / Objective: Having a good ability to regulate emotions is able to prevent or more quickly reduce the impact of negative emotional states on these events.Exercise enhances an individual's physical and psychological adaptation, and regular exercise can reduce the risk associated with disorders such as anxiety a n d d e p re s s i o n . D e s p i t e s i g n i fi c a n t advances in the psychological community in understanding emotions and emotion regulation processes, neurobiological INPLASY 1 International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols INPLASY PROTOCOLEffects of exercise on emotion regulation: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis Yin, ZG 1 ; Yang, CB 2 ; Liu, T 3 ; Yu, JL 4 .To cite: Yin et al. Effects of exercise on emotion regulation: A protocol for systematic review and metaanalysis. Inplasy protocol 202360022.