The research presented in this article is a continuation of the authors' work in Part A of the second world-wide failure exercise (WWFE-II). In Part A, a constituent damage model based on micromechanics of failure was employed in order to predict the failure envelopes and stress-strain curves for unidirectional and laminated composites under multi-axial loadings. In this study, original predictions were compared with experimental data, supplied in Part B of the second world-wide failure exercise. Three modifications were made to the previous model: (a) a quadratic fiber failure criterion was proposed to replace the maximum longitudinal stress failure criterion used for fibers in the original model; (b) a three-dimensional kinking model was introduced so as to take into account the influence of the formation of kinking bands on micro stresses in the matrix, when a ply is under longitudinal compression; and (c) in-plane shear terms in stress amplification factors were averaged to avoid overestimation of local stress concentration for regions within the matrix and in the vicinity of the fiber-matrix interface. Questions regarding the discrepancies between the idealized and actual tests were also raised and are discussed in this study.

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The magnetron sputtering method was used to deposit nano-Al film on the wood surface of Pinus sylvestris L. var. mongholica Litv., and the material structure, electrical conductivity, mechanical properties and wetting properties were tested and characterized. When the sputtering time was 60 min, the average cross-grain sheet resistance of metallized wood was 695.9 mΩ, and the average along-grain sheet resistance was 227.2 mΩ. Load displacement decreased by more than 88%,elastic modulus increased by 49.2 times, hardness increased by 46 times andsurface hydrophobic angle was close to 130°. The grain size of the Al film on the wood surface was presented as nanoparticles, and the arrangement was uniform and dense. The results indicate that without any burden on the environment, the use of magnetron sputtering can quickly and efficiently achieve Al metallization on wood surfaces, so that the wood surface can obtain conductivity and hydrophobic properties. The elastic modulus and hardness of the wood surface were improved, the mechanical properties of the wood were effectively improved and the functional improvement of the wood was realized. This study provides a feasible method and basis for the study of the simple, efficient and pollution-free modification of wood.

The effects of the shallow angle on the static strength and the fatigue life of the multi-directional glass fiber-reinforced plastics for wind turbine blades were presented based on experimental results and predictions. The static tests and the tension–tension fatigue tests under cyclic fatigue loads with a stress ratio of 0.1 were performed on bi-axial (BX, [±θ]), tri-axial 1 (TA, [0/±θ2]), and tri-axial 2 (TX, [02/±θ]) laminates with ply angles θ of 25°, 35°, and 45°. A multiscale approach was applied to predict the static tensile and compressive strengths and the S–N curves of BX, TA, and TX laminates based on the constituents: fiber, matrix, and interface. Three ply-based failure criteria (Hashin, Puck, and Tsai–Wu) were also employed to predict the static strength and compare with the experimental results. The predictions and the experimental results show that the tensile strength increases as θ becomes shallower, while laminates with a shallow ply angle of 35° showed similar or even lower compressive strengths, especially for TA and TX laminates. The laminate fatigue life increases as θ becomes shallower. The shallow angle effect on strength and fatigue life is greater for BX than TA and TX laminates since the ply angle θ plays a more important role in BX. By using the multiscale approach, the shallow angle effect on the laminate static and fatigue behaviors were also explained based on the ply stresses as well as the constitutive micro stresses.

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