In this Communication, the plus and minus signs of the circular dichroism (CD) spectra in Figures 2b and 4b were incorrect. The corrected Figures are shown below. Additionally,after further theoretical investigation, it was found that the signs of the rotatory strengths (R)for pseudoephedrine (pED) vary depending on the type of the density functionals used in the time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. This variation is due to small CD effects of the S 0-S 1 transition of pED and large error bars of the CD values predicted by theory.T able S1 in the Supporting Information lists the R values estimated using various density functionals. Figure 2. a) R2PI spectrum of S-pED near the origin band of the S 0-S 1 transition. The inset shows the structure of S-pED. The number of ions produced by as ingle-laser pulse at the origin bands was roughly estimated as about 900. b) R2PI CD spectra of S-(blue line) and R-pED (red line). The g values at the bands of AG(a), AG(b), and GG(a) of S-pED were measured as + + 0.026 AE 0.005, À0.025 AE 0.006, and + + 0.024 AE 0.005, respectively.c)Theoretical CD spectra of S-(blue line) and R-pED (red line) obtained with the rotatory strength, R,c alculated using TDDFT at the M06-2X/6-311 + ++ + G(d,p) level. Figure 4. a) R2PI spectrum of RED near the origin band of the S 0-S 1 transition. The inset shows the structure of RED. The discontinuous region between 37825 and 37855 cm À1 is where the grating order of the dye laser changes. b) R2PI CD spectrum of RED. The g values of 1-3 bands were measured as + + 0.030 AE 0.011, À0.091 AE 0.007,a nd + + 0.041 AE 0.013, respectively.

Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (ginseng) is a well-known medicinal plant that has been traditionally used in the oriental countries for centuries. Wild ginseng is a scarce and rare commodity. Field cultivation of the ginseng plant is a time-consuming and labor-intensive process. Ginsenosides, a group of glycosylated triterpenes, also known as saponins, are the principal bioactive constituents of ginseng. The use of cell and organ culture processes has been sought as a potential alternative for the efficient mass production of ginseng raw material. Various bioprocessing strategies have been developed to date. Cells and adventitious roots have been cultured in large-scale bioreactors and various strategies have been developed accordingly for the enhancement of biomass and ginsenoside accumulation. This review highlights the recent progress in the cultivation of ginseng cell and organ cultures for the production of ginsenosides from bioreactor cultures. In addition, the metabolism and biochemistry of ginsenoside biosynthesis, genomic and proteomic studies in ginseng, metabolic engineering, biosafety, toxicological evaluation, and efficacy assessment of ginseng raw material are also summarized and thoroughly discussed.

We examined the effects of abiotic (methyl jasmonate [MeJA] and salicylic acid [SA]) and biotic (yeast extract and chitosan) elicitors for improvement of bioactive compounds production on adventitious root cultures in Polygonum multiflorum. The application of yeast extract resulted in significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher dry root biomass (9.98 g/L) and relative growth rate versus the control. Cultures treated with abiotic elicitors showed higher percentage of dry weight than the other samples. Low concentrations of all elicitors (50 μM MeJA and SA, and 50 mg/L yeast extract) improved secondary metabolite production except for chitosan, whose performance was worse than that of the control. HPLC analysis of various bioactive compounds revealed significantly higher elicitation efficiency for MeJA than for the other treatments, with an approximately 2-fold increase in root dry weight (22.08 mg/g DW) under 50 μM MeJA treatment versus the control (10.35 mg/g DW). We also investigated the feasibility of scaling up the production process by comparing shake flask cultures with 3- and 5-L balloon type bubble bioreactors (BTBB) using 50 μM MeJA as an elicitor. Growth and metabolite accumulation increased in BTBB compared with shake flask cultures. We detected a non-significant difference in biomass productivity between 3 and 5-L BTBB, but the efficiency of bioactive compound accumulation decreased with increasing volume. These findings will be useful for developing a pilot-scale P. multiflorum adventitious root cultivation process for high biomass and bioactive compound production to meet the demands for natural ingredients by the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries without affecting the natural habitat of this plant.

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