For clinically normal dogs of a similar size at a walk, inverse dynamic calculation of intersegmental forces, moments of force, and mechanical power for forelimb joints yielded values of consistent patterns and magnitudes. These values may be used for comparison in evaluations of gait in other studies and in treatment of dogs with forelimb musculoskeletal disease.

The Bardet and BioMedtrix implants had stem design characteristics that were most compatible with principles of cemented stem fixation. None of the implants completely satisfied the theoretically optimal conditions of centralization and neutralization of the femoral stem. Innovative design modifications, therefore, may be needed if these conditions are important to the long-term success of canine total hip replacement.

Abstract. Cokeromyces recurvatus, a zygomycete, was isolated by fungal culture from the peritoneal fluid of a cat with jejunal perforation secondary to intestinal lymphosarcoma. This organism has not been recovered previously from a veterinary patient. The tissue form of C. recurvatus is morphologically similar to those of Coccidioides immitis and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and may be misdiagnosed as 1 of these organisms on the basis of cytologic or histopathologic specimens, particularly in geographic regions where these organisms are not endemic. Key words:Coccidioides; Cokeromyces recurvatus; Mycology-general; Zygomycetes.Cokeromyces recurvatus Poitras is a dimorphic zygomycete within the order Mucorales, which has only been isolated in North America, and can be found in soils across much of the United States and Mexico. Dimorphism is dependent on the culture medium, temperature of incubation, and degree of anaerobiosis. 9 It is a large (30-90 m), thick-walled yeast in direct specimen, with morphology similar to the yeast phase of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. With a cursory examination, the yeast phase also may resemble a spherule of Coccidioides immitis; however, these would either show early evidence of internal cleavage or contain endospores. There are only 8 reported cases of human disease or colonization by this organism in the literature to date, and these have been summarized in a recent review. 8 The organism has been recognized only relatively recently, beginning with Shanor's initial isolation in 1950, 12 and reported human cases span only the past 25 years. The mode of transmission is not known, although in cases with symptomatic disease, previous colonization of the involved site (stomach, genitourinary tract, or colon) usually was suspected.The pathogenic potential of C. recurvatus in humans recently has been debated. 8,9 Of the 8 reported cases, 5 patients had an underlying condition that might increase susceptibility to fungal infection, including pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, and treatment with immunosuppressants. Of the remaining cases, 1 had diverticulitis, 1 had cystitis, and 1 was a healthy individual. Tissue invasion by the organism From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (Nielsen), and the Minnesota Veterinary

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The anamnesis was obtained from the medical records of 22 dogs diagnosed with hind limb muscle strain injury over a four-year period. The signalment, history, diagnostic imaging and clinical findings, treatment and outcome are described. The affected dogs were primarily from large breeds. Although only a few clients reported a specific injury, 11 dogs were admitted for an acute onset of lameness of unknown origin. The hip adductor muscles were affected in 21 dogs, and 11 dogs had previously undergone orthopaedic surgery of the affected limb. The dogs were primarily diagnosed by physical examination, although the diagnosis was confirmed with ultrasound imaging in the two most recent cases. Neither concurrent orthopoedic nor neurological disease was found during the study period in four of 22 dogs, and another three dogs had only mild radiographic coxofemoral osteoarthritis that did not cause any clinical signs during the study period. All of the dogs were treated medically with some combination of rest, physical therapy, methocarbamol, and a non-steroidol anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). The injury-associated lameness improved, or completely resolved, with conservative, non-surgical therapy in most dogs. Of the 15 dogs available for follow-up (mean 577 days), eight had complete resolution of their clinical signs, two showed significant improvement, and one showed some improvement. Muscle strain injury may be an under-diagnosed cause or contributor to acute hind limb lameness in large breed dogs, either alone or following orthopoedic surgery.