© iForest -Biogeosciences and Forestry IntroductionUnderstanding ecosystem responses to disturbance at different scales is fundamental to develop sound strategies for forest management and nature conservation (Kremen 2005). To this end, biomonitoring -i.e., the analysis of the reactive components of ecosystems in response to environmental changes to assess deviations from the normal situation (Spellerberg 1991, Nimis et al. 2002 -and ecological indicators can be used to quantify the magnitude of stress, the degree of exposure or the ecological response to stresses (Dale & Beyeler 2001), thereby providing a simple and efficient method to assess the composition, structure and function of complex ecological systems (Karr 1991).Fire is one of the most important disturbances in many natural and semi-natural ecosystems worldwide (Granström 2001), including the Mediterranean Region (Pausas 2004). Fire also has an ecological role in influencing ecosystem biodiversity and guaranteeing the conservation of a variety of habitats (Hadjibiros 2001, Moreira et al. 2001, Blondel et al. 2010) and changing landscapes (Gillson 2009). The soil biota is one of the first soil components to respond to fire exposure, as fire alters the species composition and decreases the zoocenotic density (Bezkorovainaya et al. 2007).Fire may have direct or indirect effects on soil fauna. One of the principal direct impacts on the edaphic microarthropod community is the exposure of forest fauna to high temperatures, which can cause alterations in species composition and decrease the abundance of some taxonomic groups (Sgardelis et al. 1995, DeBano et al. 1998, Bezkorovainaya et al. 2007). Contrastingly, some authors claimed that the direct effects of fire on most soil vertebrates are minimal (Ream 1981, Neary et al. 1999). Indirect fire impacts include changes in habitat and food availability for these organisms. After a fire, alterations of hydrothermal conditions, litter mass and pH have an impact on animal survival, particularly the stenoecious species which suffer high temperatures as well as light and moisture extremes, with subsequent habitat loss (Roloff et al. 2005, Bezkorovainaya et al. 2007). While some changes of the edaphic community can be irrelevant in the short-term after fire, the subsequent postfire, aboveground succession can determine changes in soil fauna, affecting the age and trophic structure of soil animals (Bezkorovainaya et al. 2007).Edaphic microarthropods play an important role in regulating the rate of decomposition (Wallwork 1983, Seastedt 1984 and nutrient cycling (Heneghan & Bolger 1998) through interactions with the microbial and fungal communities (Seastedt 1984, Seastedt & Crossley 1984, Lussenhop 1992, and they also contribute to soil structure and humus formation (Wallwork 1983, Norton 1985, Striganova 2000. For all these reasons, the preservation of soil biodiversity should be considered an integral component of forest management practices (Marshall 2000). Therefore, understanding the reaction of a forest to fir...
IntroduzIoneL'aumentata sensibilità naturalistica degli ultimi anni ha portato l'opinione pubblica ad attribuire maggiore considerazione anche alle caratteristiche fisionomiche degli alberi e delle foreste. Hanno, pertanto, trovato rispetto e successiva collocazione tra i beni culturali anche individui arborei e cenosi forestali di particolare pregio estetico o interesse storicomonumentale (LIsa, 2005).Sono "nate", in altre parole, le categorie degli alberi e delle foreste monumentali.Parallelamente, l'evoluzione delle scienze naturali e forestali ha riportato l'attenzione sui soggetti e sulle cenosi boschive cosiddette vetuste, ossia formazioni annose che, sotto vari aspetti, risultano di straordinaria importanza bioecologica (SpIes, 2004;Luyssaert et al., 2008; WIrth et al., 2009). Conseguenza di tutto ciò è stata l'istituzione, da parte dello Stato, delle Regioni e di molti enti locali, di varie norme a tutela delle entità vegetali con le caratteristiche sopra citate.Tuttavia, la mancanza di riferimenti univoci a livello scientifico e descrittivo e l'autonomia legiferativa delle varie istituzioni ha portato alla formulazione di leggi e regolamenti il più delle volte diversi tra loro, spesso confusi o incompleti, talvolta contraddittori. Questa diversità di vedute a livello legislativo ha indebolito tutto l'apparato di tutela: in alcune regioni gli alberi monumentali vengono adeguatamente protetti mentre in altre vi è ancora un completo vuoto legislativo. È auspicabile quindi, evidenziare, nel rispetto dell'autonomia legislativa di ogni Regione, l'importanza di un approccio coerente e condiviso per la salvaguardia di questo inestimabile patrimonio. VIcIssItudInI e conoscenza deI grandI patrIarchI VerdI d'ItalIaNel nostro Paese, sin dal passato, molti alberi secolari sono stati salvati a "furor di popolo". Non così in altri casi dove sono stati eliminati esemplari di grande rilievo storico e culturale anche se in più occasioni le comunità hanno lottato per difendere questi beni preziosi e per
357405. INTRODUzIONEIl termine "usi civici" indica i diritti di godimento delle terre spettanti ai membri di collettività organizzate in un ordinamento politico-amministrativo. L'espressione indica con precisione il contenuto del diritto, consistente nella facoltà di usare terre altrui (usus, e non dominium), ed individua la condizione che conferisce la titolarità, ossia l'essere cittadino di un Comune (civis). Gli usi più comuni esercitati su terre a vocazione agricola, ovvero
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of the Biological Soil Quality index (QBS-ar index) for monitoring the impact of wildfires on Mediterranean pine forests soils. The QBS-ar is a simplified eco-morphological index, based on edaphic microarthropods. We analyzed the QBS-ar values of pine stands burned one or two times and at different time spans from fire (from 10 days to 11 years after fire), in comparison to the unburned control area. Effect of fire on the biological soil quality evaluated with QBS-ar index was analyzed using univariate and multivariate techniques. Our results showed a significant variation of QBS-ar values between burned areas and those never burned. The impact of fire on the QBS-ar index and the microarthropod community was higher in the areas burned twice. A relevant average dissimilarity of taxonomic groups was found between the control area and the area burned twice, but also between the control area and the one observed 3 months after the fire. The taxa that contributed more to the dissimilarity were Pseudoscorpiones and Diplopoda, which reduced their presence after fire. Our study shows that the QBS-ar index is a dependable method for monitoring the impact of fire on soil quality in forest ecosystems and indicates that edaphic microarthropods communities in these Mediterranean pine forests return to the before fire condition 11 years after fire. The QBS-ar index could therefore be a useful tool for monitoring forest ecosystem rehabilitation after fire.
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