Background Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae represent the most relevant reservoir of resistance genes such as metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) and AmpC genes that give them the undue advantage to resist antimicrobial onslaught. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of MBL (blaIMP-1, blaIMP-2, blaVIM-1, blaVIM-2) and AmpC (blaFOX, blaDHA, blaCMY, blaACC) resistance genes in aforementioned GNB collected from abattoir and poultry sources in Nigeria. Results In total, 370 isolates were collected from abattoir tables (n = 130), anal region of cows (n = 120), and the cloacae of poultry birds (n = 120). The test isolates showed high rate of resistance to cephalosporins and carbapenems. The MBLs were phenotypically detected in 22 E. coli, 22 P. aeruginosa, and 18 K. pneumoniae isolates using combined disc test (CDT). However, only 11 E. coli, 24 P. aeruginosa, and 18 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were phenotypically confirmed to be AmpC producers using cefoxitin-cloxacillin double disk synergy test (CC-DDST). MBL encoding genes (particularly the blaIMP-1 genes and blaIMP-2 genes) were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 12 (54.6%) E. coli, 15 (83.3%) K. pneumoniae, and 16 (72.7%) P. aeruginosa isolates. AmpC genes (particularly the blaCMY genes and blaFOX genes) were found in a total of 5 (29.4%) E. coli isolates, 5 (27.8%) isolates of K. pneumoniae, and 10 (41.7%) isolates of P. aeruginosa. Conclusions Our study showed the circulation of MBL and AmpC genes in GNB from abattoir and poultry origin in Nigeria. Adoption of regular control policies is necessary to reduce the spread of these species as soon as possible, especially in poultry and slaughterhouses.

Background Much interest has not been placed on the role of chromosomal abnormalities in the pathogenesis and rising prevalence of infertility in recent times. This review was conducted to renew public interest on the chromosomal basis of infertility, testing, and management. Main text Meiotic and post-zygotic mitotic errors may cause infertility-predisposing chromosomal abnormalities, including Klinefelter syndrome, Jacob syndrome, Triple X syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Down syndrome. Chromosomal abnormalities such as deletion, translocation, duplication, inversion, and ring chromosome may also predispose to infertility. Notable features of male chromosomal infertility include spermatogenic failure, characterized by azoospermia, oligospermia, and gonadal dysgenesis, while females include premature ovarian insufficiency, amenorrhea, spontaneous abortion, and gonadal dysgenesis. The risk of these abnormalities is influenced by maternal age and environmental factors such as chemical exposure, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Most chromosomal abnormalities occur spontaneously and are not treatable. However, early prenatal screening and diagnostic tests can lessen the effects of the conditions. There is also a growing belief that certain diets and drugs capable of changing gene expressions can be formulated to neutralize the effects of chromosomal abnormalities. Conclusion Meiotic and mitotic errors during gametogenesis and fetal development, respectively, can cause chromosomal abnormalities, which predispose to infertility. Couples who are at increased risk, particularly those with a family history of infertility and women at an advanced age (≥ 35 years), should seek medical advice before getting pregnant.

was evaluated. Bacterial species were isolated by settling plate method, using Nutrient and MacConkey agar as the isolating medium. The isolates were fully characterized by standard methods. Isolated bacteria includes; Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus sp and Bacillus subtilis. The in house disinfectants (Povidone iodine and Izal) used in the operating theatres was obtained and evaluated using Agar ditch diffusion method. Povidone iodine obtained from the operating theatre showed no zones of inhibition in all the isolates tested, Izal solution obtained from the theatres showed appreciable zones of inhibition. Povidone iodine purchased from a pharmacy store in town however produced zones of inhibitions ranging from 7.75 mm to 18.00 mm. Killing rate for the most resistant isolates showed that B. megaterium, S. aureus and B. cereus required 25 to 30 minutes of exposure time for 8% Izal dilution to bring about the death of all resistant isolates. It was concluded that disinfection remain one of the most effective ways of reducing nosocomial pathogens in hospital environment as demonstrated in the results of this research work. However, from time to time potency of the in house used disinfectant must be evaluated in order to keep pace with degradation of disinfectant which normally occurs with time.

No abstract

The oxalate content of fresh and dry samples of local spices and seasonings were determined. Oxalate contents were for fresh weight of the spices and seasonings: African red pepper (119.07 mg/100g); ginger (132.07 mg/100g); fermented melon (315.19 mg/100g); garlic (199.72 mg/100g); beet leaves (514.80 mg/100g) and for pepper fruit, the riped seed (78.30 mg/100g), riped coat (126.75 mg/100g), unriped seed (229.69 mg/100g), unriped coat (153.37 mg/100g). The oxalate contents for the dry weights were: African red pepper (130.03 mg/100g); ginger (138.82 mg/100g); fermented melon (486 mg/100g), garlic (210.28 mg/100g); beet leaves (600 mg/100g) and for pepper fruit, the riped seed (227.67 mg/100g), riped coat (330.34 mg/100g), unriped seed (400.49 mg/100g) and unriped coat (238.14 mg/100g). This revealed that the oxalate contents of dry samples were higher than those of the fresh samples. Therefore, it is safer to eat high oxalate foods fresh to avoid the risk of hyperoxaluria, goitre and all attendant consequences of oxalate poisoning.