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Background:Infantile aseptic meningitis is a rare infection of the central nervous system. Coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) is an enterovirus that is sometimes associated with aseptic meningitis and encephalitis.Case presentation: We report on three isolated infants with aseptic meningitis caused by CVB5 in the spring and summer of 2016 with nearly identical 404-bp CVB5 Viral Capsid Protein 1 (VP1) sequences.In addition, viral analysis of sewage samples from Chiba Prefecture in 2016 showed similar 404-bp CVB5 VP1 sequences from May to September 2016. Conclusion:These results indicate that viral screening of sewage water may help detect occult outbreaks of viral infection, particularly for enterovirus strains. (J Nippon Med Sch 2018; 85: 187 190)

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