Immune interferon (IFN), also known as IFN-γ, promotes not only immunomodulation but also antimicrobial and anticancer activity. After IFN-γ binds to the complex of IFN-γ receptor (IFNGR) 1-IFNGR2 and subsequently activates its downstream signaling pathways, IFN-γ immediately causes transcriptional stimulation of a variety of genes that are principally involved in its biological activities. Regarding IFN-γ-dependent immunosurveillance, IFN-γ can directly suppress tumorigenesis and infection and/or can modulate the immunological status in both cancer cells and infected cells. Regarding the anticancer effects of IFN-γ, cancer cells develop strategies to escape from IFN-γ-dependent cancer immunosurveillance. Immune evasion, including the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells, secretion of immunosuppressive factors, and suppression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses, is speculated to be elicited by the oncogenic microenvironment. All of these events effectively downregulate IFN-γ-expressing cells and IFN-γ production. In addition to these extrinsic pathways, cancer cells may develop cellular tolerance that manifests as hyporesponsiveness to IFN-γ stimulation. This review discusses the potential escape mechanisms from IFN-γ-dependent immunosurveillance in tumorigenesis.

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In this paper, we fit RSSI values into a parabola function of the AoA between 0 ∘ and 90 ∘ by applying quadratic regression analysis. We also set up two-directional antennas with perpendicular orientations at the same position and fit the difference of the signal RSSI values of the two antennas into a linear function of the AoA between 0 ∘ and 90 ∘ by linear regression analysis. Based on the RSSI-fitting functions, we propose a novel localization scheme, called AoA Localization with RSSI Differences (ALRD), for a sensor node to quickly estimate its location with the help of two beacon nodes, each of which consists of two perpendicularly orientated directional antennas. We apply ALRD to a WSN in a 10 × 10 m indoor area with two beacon nodes installed at two corners of the area. Our experiments demonstrate that the average localization error is 124 cm. We further propose two methods, named maximum-point minimum-diameter and maximum-point minimum-rectangle, to reduce localization errors by gathering more beacon signals within 1 s for finding the set of estimated locations of maximum density. Our results demonstrate that the two methods can reduce the average localization error by a factor of about 29%, to 89 cm.

To achieve high energy and power densities, we developed a highvoltage 2.5 V electrochemical pseudo-capacitor with a maximum energy density of 304 W h kg À1 based on MnO 2 nanowires electrodeposited on nickel foam as electrode with a novel Li-ion quasiionic liquid as electrolyte.

An effective method of controlling the density of ZnO nanopillars (ZnO-NPs) by using the self-assembled silver nanoislands as the growth catalyst is demonstrated. We were able to vary the density of the ZnO-NPs to within the range of ∼10–30 μm–2 by properly manipulating the size distribution of the silver nanoislands partially covering the Si substrates. Continuous silver film can also be used as the catalyst to facilitate the growth of ZnO islands and pillars on Si substrates, albeit with much less control of the resultant density and morphological appearances. The field-emission measurements indicate that the performance of field emission for ZnO-NPs can be improved markedly by reducing the density of the ZnO-NPs. The turn-on field of the low-density ZnO-NPs was as low as 2.39 V/μm with a corresponding current density of 10 μA/cm2 and a field enhancement factor (β value) of ∼3500. The enhancement of field-emission characteristics is attributed to the much reduced field screen effect by properly controlled density of the ZnO-NPs.