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Quantum nonlocality is typically assigned to systems of two or more well-separated particles, but nonlocality can also exist in systems consisting of just a single particle when one considers the subsystems to be distant spatial field modes. Single particle nonlocality has been confirmed experimentally via a bipartite Bell inequality. In this paper, we introduce an N -party Hardy-like proof of the impossibility of local elements of reality and a Bell inequality for local realistic theories in the case of a single particle superposed symmetrically over N spatial field modes (i.e. N qubit W state). We show that, in the limit of large N , the Hardy-like proof effectively becomes an all-versus-nothing (or Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ)-like) proof, and the quantum-classical gap of the Bell inequality tends to be the same as that in a three-particle GHZ experiment. We describe how to test the nonlocality in realistic systems.

This study investigates the effects of inserting amorphous carbon (a‐C) layers between the Al electrode layer and the ZnO insulator layer in Al/ZnO/Al heterostructures on resistive switching (RS) therein. The inserted a‐C layers can play an important role to stabilize RS behavior for random access memory performance. The complex impedance spectra of Al/ZnO/Al devices with and without a‐C inserted layers examined to probe the characteristics of their conducting mechanism. The formation of meta‐stable a‐COx after forming process caused repeatable redox reaction at interfaces, critically affecting RS behaviors.