Cet article présente une recension des écrits sur les infrastructures naturelles
(IN) comme moyen d’adaptation aux changements climatiques, en prenant pour exemple la
gestion des eaux de ruissellement et des crues. Une revue d’études de cas permet d’apprécier
le potentiel des IN comme solution de rechange aux approches reposant sur des
infrastructures conventionnelles dites grises. En effet, les approches d’aménagement du
territoire urbain et périurbain qui intègrent les IN valorisent la production de services
écosystémiques afin d’améliorer la résilience des villes et l’adaptation aux changements
climatiques, avec comme objectif ultime de trouver des solutions durables et efficaces aux
nouvelles conditions climatiques. Cet article propose des balises conceptuelles afin de
mieux évaluer le potentiel des IN et la faisabilité de leur mise en oeuvre. Nous présentons
une revue de cas d’implantation d’IN en regard de leur rapport coût-efficacité, de leur
résilience et de leur capacité à concilier des intérêts souvent divergents entre les sphères
sociales, économiques et environnementales.
The lack of information on the value of ecosystems contributing to human well-being in urban and peri-urban setting is known to contribute to the degradation of natural capital and ecosystem services (ES). The purpose of this study was to determine the economic value of ES in Canada’s Capital Region (Ottawa-Gatineau region), so that these values can be integrated in future planning decisions. Using the valuation methods of market pricing, cost replacement, and two benefit transfer approaches (with adjustment and with meta-analysis), the value of 13 ES from five ecosystems (forests, wetlands, croplands, prairies and grasslands, and freshwater systems) was measured. The annual economic value of these 13 ES amounts to an average of 332 million dollars, and to a total economic value of over 5 billion dollars, annualized over 20 years. The largest part of this value is generated by nonmarket ES, indicating that much more emphasis should be put on the management, preservation, and understanding of processes that make up these types of ES. The work generated as part of this study is a first step towards operationalizing the concept of ES in planning. More specifically, these results can be used to raise awareness, but also as a stepping stone to improve ecosystem-wide planning in the Canada’s Capital Region.
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