BackgroundInflammation and oxidative stress are important factors associated with chronic disease such as essential hypertension (HTN) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the association of inflammation and oxidative stress in HTN with T2DM as a comorbidity is inconclusive due to the multifactorial nature of these cardiometabolic diseases.MethodologyThe influence of pathophysiological factors include genetics, age of patient, and disease progression change throughout the lifespan and require further investigation. The study population included 256 participants attending a rural health screening program who were tested for markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and coagulation/fibrinolysis. Demographic and clinical variables included, age, gender, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and cholesterol profile. Data were tested for normality, and nonparametric statistics were applied to analyze the sample with significance set at p<0.05.ResultsOf the inflammatory markers, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-10 were significantly different between the control and hypertensive group (p<0.03) and between the HTN+T2DM compared to the HTN group (p<0.05). Significant results for oxidative stress were observed for urinary 8-iso-PGF2α and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) between the control and the HTN+T2DM group (p<0.01). Glutathione (GSH) was also significant between the HTN and HTN+T2DM group (p<0.05). Investigation of the progression of HTN also found significant changes in the inflammatory markers IGF-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), and (MCP-1/IGF-1)*IL-6 (p<0.05).ConclusionThis study demonstrated that 8-iso-PGF2α and erythrocyte GSH may be clinically useful for assessing HTN and HTN with T2DM as a comorbidity, while significant changes in the inflammatory profile were also observed with HTN progression.

Background: Inflammation and oxidative stress are two pathophysiological mechanisms that link obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabesity. However how levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers differ between patients with obesity, T2DM and diabesity has not been completely elucidated.Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the interactions between emerging biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation and the differences in biomarker levels between T2DM, obesity and diabesity in a clinical setting. Methods:A total of 270 patients attending a diabetes health screening clinic (57 T2DM; 37 obese; 44 diabesity, and 132 age, gender, and weight-matched controls) participated in the study. All patients were selected on clinical grounds. Differences in the level of biomarkers of oxidative stress (erythrocyte GSH/GSSG, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy-guanosine (8-OHdG) and urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F 2α ), inflammation (CRP, IL-6, IL-10 and IL1β), and coagulation (C5a, D-dimer) were determined.Results: Both inflammatory markers and oxidative stress differed significantly between the three clinical groups. GSH revealed a significant difference between the T2DM (1456.6 µM/mL ± 737.5, p<0.03) and obese groups (1890.7 µM/mL ± 823.3). 8-OHdG increased significantly in the obese group (185.5ng/mL ± 162.4, p<0.03) compared to the control group (146.8ng/mL ± 127.5). Similarly 8-OHdG was significantly higher in the obesity group (185.5ng/mL ± 162.4) compared to the T2DM group (119.2ng/mL ± 92.9, p<0.03). A significant increase was also found for 8-iso-PGF 2α in the diabesity group (2.3 ± 15.0 ng/mL) compared to the control group (1.0 ± 1.9 ng/mL, p<0.03) and the T2DM group (1.1±2.5ng/mL, p<0.05). 8-iso-PGF 2α in the diabesity group (2.3±15.0 ng/mL) was significantly higher than the obese group (1.1ng/mL ±1.8, p<0.03). A significant decrease occurred in IGF-1 levels for diabesity (144.6 ± 285.7 ng/mL) compared to the control (302.8 ± 547.2 ng/mL, p <0.03) and the T2DM groups (225.1ng/mL ± 417, p<0.05). A statistically significant increase in the inflammatory marker ratio IL-6/IL-10 between the control group (0.41 ± 0.7) and the obesity group (0.71 ± 1.94, p<0.03) was also observed. Conclusion:The results obtained indicate that 8-iso-PGF 2α , 8-OHdG as markers of oxidative stress and IGF-1, IL-6/IL-10 are associated with diabesity and could be used diagnostically for risk assessment.markers in obesity [10,11]. The link between inflammatory and oxidative stress markers observed in obesity is also a contributory factor in the development of T2DM and CVD [8,12].The inflammatory process in obesity includes the activation of macrophages to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) [13][14][15]. These proinflammatory cytokines lead to increased levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) with a demonstrable decrease in the anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10). IL-1β, IL-6, CRP and IL-10 are linked to abnormal fat and glucose metabolism, which provides further evidence of ...