Basil leaves are widely used as herbal remedies and have proven many benefits because the content of phytonutrients includes antioxidants, but at certain doses a compound retains a probability of causing toxicity in the body. This study aims to determine the acute toxicity of ethanolic extract of basil leaves seen from the value of LD50 range and renal histopathology which is the vital organ of the target of toxicity in the body. The method of acute oral toxicity test was OECD 420 fix dose procedure method with a group of 5 Balb/c female mice given a multilevel dosage. The initial dose is 2000 mg/Kg.b.w selected on a sighting study as a dose that may cause mild toxicity symptoms but does not cause death. There are 2 groups consist of treatment with dose at LD50 value and control. The result of this research showed that LD50 value of ethanol extract of Ocimum sanctum > 2000 mg/Kg.b.w. The mean renal histopathologyc scores between the control and the treatment were significantly different by The Mann-Whitney test with significance value of p=0.018. Ocimum sanctum ethanolic extract is classified as non-toxic compounds but there was a change in renal histopathology of mice in the form of focal lesions after acute exposure at highest dose of OECD 420 method. Keywords: acute toxicity test, renal histopathology, basil leaves

Dark chocolate contains two derivates of metilxantin, I.e. caffeine (1,3,7-trimetilxantin) and theobromine (3,7 dimetilxantin). Theobromine can be found in plasma. Theobromine concentration in plasma determined not only by drug dosage but also by pharmacokinetic parameters. This research aimed to determine pharmacokinetic parameters by using HPLC (High Performace Liquid Chromatography) method. This study used Quasi Experimental Design by using 16 plasma samples collected at the 0, 1.5, 3, 6, 10, 24 hours. The pharmacokinetic parameter calculations were obtained from the polynomial curve and linear curve of drug concentration in plasma by time. The maximum concentration (Cmax) theobromine on plasma after consumption of dark chocolate bar per oral was 4.173 mg/L. The maximum time (Tmax) was at the 2.501 hours. The half time (t½) theobromine was 4.880 hours. Theobromine clearance in plasma was 14.2 ml/kg/hour. The study has reported pharmacokinetic parameters of theobromine in plasma after eating dark chocolate bars orally.   Keywords: Chocolate, half-time, maximum concentration, maximum time, theobromine

Obesity can cause serious problems that will lead to poor quality of life, increased morbidity and mortality rate. Slow-release metformin will work longer in the body with a single dose everyday be an alternative drug for weight loss. Obesitas dapat menimbulkan masalah serius yang akan menyebabkan rendahnya kualitas hidup, meningkatnya angka kesakitan dan angka mortalitas. Metformin lepas lambat akan bekerja lebih lama di tubuh dengan frekuensi pemberian sekali minum setiap hari menjadi salah satu alternatif obat untuk menurunkan berat badan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan efektivitas metformin lepas lambat dibandingkan metformin reguler terhadap berat badan dan jumlah asupan kalori pada sukarelawan penyandang obesitas. Penelitian dilakukan pada 16 sukarelawan yang dibagi dua kelompok secara berpasangan. Sukarelawan akan diukur berat badan dan jumlah asupan kalori dengan metode food recall 24 jam, data diambil pada saat sebelum intervensi, akhir minggu ke-1, ke-2, ke-3, dan ke-4. Hasilnya didapatkan penurunan berat badan yang lebih baik pada kelompok yang mendapatkan metformin lepas lambat sebesar 5,08% dibandingkan kelompok yang mendapatkan metformin reguler sebesar 2,60%, namun tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna diantara kedua kelompok dalam hal jumlah asupan kalori selama penelitian. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah metformin lepas lambat lebih baik dalam menurunkan berat badan dibandingkan metformin reguler, namun tidak mempengaruhi jumlah asupan kalori.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that decreased immunity and a set symptoms of diseases called Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). One of the major risk factors for HIV transmission is perinatal transmission about 2.8% during pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum. HIV positive mothers have a potential to give birth infants with low APGAR. APGAR Score was used as a reference to determine asphyxia in the first and fifth minutes of life. The purpose of this research were to determine the correlation between HIV/AIDS positive pregnant mother with infant APGAR Score and to determine the other factors that affect the infant APGAR Score in RSD dr. Soebandi Jember. This research used observational analytic survey method with cross sectional design using medical record of HIV positive and negative pregnant women from August 2014-July 2017 in RSD dr. Soebandi Jember as a subject that qualify the inclusion and exclusion criteria. This research used case group sampling technique by total sampling and control group by simple random sampling each 52 samples. Test result of the correlation between HIV/AIDS positive pregnant mother with infant APGAR Score using Chi-Square test obtained p value=1.000 (OR=1.13) that means there was no significant correlation. Test result of the correlation between the other factors that affect infant APGAR Score concluded that there were no significant correlation. Keywords: pregnant mother, HIV/AIDS, APGAR Score, infant

In people with diabetes mellitus (DM) there is a decrease in basal vitamin C levels which is thought to be a result of oxidative stress in the condition of hyperglycemia that it needs to increase vitamin C as an antioxidant. Hyperglycemia in DM needs to be lowered by pharmacological therapy, named glimepirid so the purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of vitamin C addition to the reduction of KGD hyperglycemic mice with glimepirid treatment. This study is true experimental with a sample of 25 mice 20-30 grams and divided into five groups, first the control group (K0); STZ  induction group (K1); STZ induction group with glimepirid treatment (K2); STZ induction group with the treatment of vitamin C (K3); STZ induction group by treatment of a combination of glimepirid and vitamin C (K4). STZ is injected intraperitonially 150 mg / kgBB. All groups were measured for KGD 1 after induction of STZ and KGD 2 after treatment for fourteen days. The results of the STZ induction group with the treatment of a combination of glimepirid and vitamin C (K4) experienced a smaller and not significant decrease in BSL in the STZ induction group with a single glimepirid (K2) treatment. These results are thought to have an influence from interactions between drugs that cause one drug to not work optimally. The conclusion of this study is that administration of glimepirid, vitamin C, or both can reduce blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic mice with the greatest decrease occurring in the glimepirid group.