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Software traceability plays a critical role in software maintenance and evolution. We conducted a systematic mapping study with six research questions to understand the benefits, costs, and challenges of using traceability in maintenance and evolution. We systematically selected, analyzed, and synthesized 63 studies published between

We describe an R&D project valuation model developed for Phytopharm plc, an emerging pharmaceutical company based in Cambridge, UK. The model allows the company to value the projects in its R&D portfolio, and is used for licensing negotiations with potential product development and marketing partners. It is based on different valuation methods, including Net Present Value, Decision Analysis and Monte Carlo Simulation. We take into account the technological risks during the development phases of pharmaceutical products, as well as the uncertainty in terms of commercial success. In addition to determining a value for a product in development, the model also proposes appropriate contract structures for licensing purposes. A typical pharmaceutical licensing contract specifies milestone payments and royalties, to be paid by the licensee to the licensor. The contract structures adhere to an agreed-upon equitable split of the project value between the two parties. The model also generates critical information during the negotiation meetings in terms of break-even analyses, trade-offs and bargaining zones. It was used by Phytopharm during 2004 in its licensing negotiations for a novel product for the dietary control of obesity, which was licensed in December 2004 to Unilever, a multinational food company. Phytopharm is currently deploying the model for its entire project portfolio.