Background and aimsTo systemically review the literature to compare freestyle lifting technique, by muscle activity and kinematics, between people with and without low back pain (LBP).MethodsFive databases were searched along with manual searches of retrieved articles by a single reviewer. Studies were included if they compared a freestyle lifting activity between participants with and without LBP. Data were extracted by two reviewers, and studies were appraised using the CASP tool for case-control studies.ResultsNine studies were eligible. Heterogeneity did not allow for meta-analysis. Most studies (n = 8 studies) reported that people with LBP lift differently to pain-free controls. Specifically, people with LBP lift more slowly (n = 6 studies), use their legs more than their back especially when initiating lifting (n = 3 studies), and jerk less during lifting (n = 1 studies). Furthermore, the four larger studies involving people with more severe LBP also showed that people with LBP lift with less spinal range of motion and greater trunk muscle activity for a longer period.ConclusionsPeople with LBP move slower, stiffer, and with a deeper knee bend than pain-free people during freestyle lifting tasks. Interestingly, such a lifting style mirrors how people, with and without LBP, are often told how to lift during manual handling training. The cross-sectional nature of the comparisons does not allow for causation to be determined.ImplicationsThe changes described may show embodiment of cautious movement, and the drive to protect the back. There may be value in exploring whether adopting a lifting style closer to that of pain-free people could help reduce LBP.

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Lessons and solutions learned from the forensic investigation of corrosion failures need to be applied throughout the lifecycle of structures. Avoiding misplaced solutions during both design and operating phases relies upon a disciplined and professional forensic approach for all corrosion failure investigations. This paper sets out the elements of the approach and explains how lessons can be learned to prevent future corrosion failures. In particular it describes the macroscopic and microscopic methods required for accurate identification of corrosion failure mechanisms and successful root-cause analysis.

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