The object-oriented design community has recently begun to collect so-called design patterns: cliches plus hints to their recommended use in software c onstruction. The structural design patterns Adapter, Bridge, Composite, Decorator, and Proxy represent packaged p r oblem context solution properties descriptions to common problems in object-oriented design. Localizing instances of these patterns in existing software p r o duced without explicit use of patterns can improve the maintainability of software. In our approach, called the Pat system, design information is extracted directly from C ++ header les and stored i n a r epository. The patterns are expressed a s Prolog rules and the design information is translated into facts. A single Prolog query is then used t o s e arch for all patterns. We examined four applications, including the popular class libraries zApp and LEDA, with Pat. With some restrictions all pattern instances are found; the precision is about 40 percent. Since manual ltering of the output is relatively easy, we consider Pat a useful tool for discovering or recovering design information.

The effect of different crank lengths and crank widths on maximal hand cycling power, cadence and handle speed were determined. Crank lengths and crank widths were adapted to anthropometric data of the participants as the ratio to forward reach (FR) and shoulder breadth (SB), respectively. 25 able-bodied subjects performed maximal inertial load hand cycle ergometry using crank lengths of 19, 22.5 and 26% of FR and 72, 85 and 98% of SB. Maximum power ranged from 754 (246) W for the crank geometry short wide (crank length x crank width) to 873 (293) W for the combination long middle. Every crank length differed significantly (P < 0.05) from each other, whereas no significant effect of crank width to maximum power output was revealed. Optimal cadence decreased significantly (P < 0.001) with increasing crank length from 124.8 (0.9) rpm for the short to 107.5 (1.6) rpm for the long cranks, whereas optimal handle speed increased significantly (P < 0.001) with increasing crank length from 1.81 (0.01) m/s for the short to 2.13 (0.03) m/s for the long cranks. Crank width did neither influence optimal cadence nor optimal handle speed significantly. From the results of this study, for maximum hand cycling power, a crank length to FR ratio of 26% for a crank width to SB ratio of 85% is recommended.

The effect of different handle angles on work distribution during hand cycling was determined. Able-bodied subjects performed hand cycling at 20% of maximum power level (mean (SD) power level: 90.0 (25.8) W) at a cadence of 70 rpm using handle angles of +/-30 degrees, +/-15 degrees and 0 degrees. The handle angle had a significant effect on work during the pull down (p < 0.001) and lift up (p = 0.005) sector, whereby the highest work was performed with handle angles of +30 degrees and -15 degrees respectively. The cycle sector had a significant effect on work (p < 0.001) and significantly (p = 0.002) higher work was performed in the pull down sector (25% higher than mean work over one cycle) as compared to the lift up sector (30% lower than mean work over one cycle). Therefore, a fixed handle angle of +30 degrees is suggested to be optimal for power generation. The results of this study help to optimise the handbike-user interface. A more pronated handle angle compared to the one conventionally used was found to improve the performance of hand cycling and thereby the mobility of disabled people.

Running heads (verso) M. Wosnik et al. (recto) Feedback of process data by use of STEP-NC Article Type (e.g. Review Article, Research Note, Brief Communication-if known)

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