Several diagnostic tools are available for veterinarians and fish health professionals to evaluate fish health and their abnormalities. However, reference data regarding the character and size of fish blood cells are limited. The purpose of this study was to analyze the morphology and morphometry of normal blood cells in zebrafish (Danio rerio), common carp (Cyprinuscarpio carpio), and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). To get a representative sample, we took blood from ten 6-mo old healthyfish from each species. Fish were purchased from an ornamental fish market and the local government fish breeding centerin Yogyakarta, Indonesia. A total of 100 erythrocytes and a maximum of 30 leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils,lymphocytes and monocytes) were randomly sampled and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, including morphometricanalysis of both the long axis (LA) and short axis (SA) of these cells. All data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA statisticaltests to compare the blood cells in each species with SPSS software. The findings revealed distinct differences in bothmorphology and morphometry of the blood cells among the species. Basic knowledge obtained from this research will aidin the development of biomarkers and other ancillary diagnostic tools for further hematology research, conservation, andclinical diagnosis in these 3 fish species.

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Background and Aim: The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as a highly pathogenic strain in veterinary and human medicine is a growing global problem. This study aimed to evaluate MRSA isolates of human and animal origin against various antibiotics in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: The susceptibility test was carried out by the disk diffusion method using Mueller-Hinton agar against nine antibiotic disks. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains were genetically confirmed through mecA gene detection encoding for methicillin resistance by polymerase chain reaction. Results: All 240 S. aureus strains isolated from animals and humans were resistant to penicillin G (P) (100% and 99%, respectively), followed by ampicillin (AMP), amoxicillin (AML), oxacillin (OX), erythromycin (E), clindamycin (DA), tetracycline (TE), gentamicin (GEN), and ciprofloxacin (CIP). Eighty-three MRSA strains were resistant to OX (100%), P (100%), AMP (99.27%), AML (95.52%), E (87.77%), TE (71.33%), DA (63.24%), GEN (38.81%), and CIP (26.87%). Conclusion: The antimicrobial resistance pattern of S. aureus human isolates was similar to their animal counterpart, with 77.20% of MRSA strains classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. These findings indicate an increase in MDR S. aureus strains of animal origin in Yogyakarta, thus raising public health concerns about MRSA zoonotic spread.

The phytochemical components of avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill) consist of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins, so that they have the potential as antibacterials. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of Persea americana Mill extract to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus through inhibition zone observation and the ability to accelerate wound healing infected by S. aureus through observation of wound closure and cytopathology.  Persea americana Mill were extracted using maceration method with 70% ethanol. The activities of this extract were tested by diffusion disc agar method. Biomedical tests were carried out on anaestetic Wistar rats whose were S. aureus infected wounds  and treated with Persea Americana Mill extract. Based on the results of the antimicrobial test, avocado seed extract has a inhibitory effect on the growth of S. aureus at a concentration of 6.25% and best at a concentration of 100% compared to the control. Tests in experimental rats showed the effect of wound healing on the 2rd day after giving the extract Persea americana Mill ointment, faster than the control, which was need 4 days of wound closure. Cytopathology results showed that leukocyte activity was more prominent in rats treated with avocado seed extract compared to control rats. Avocado seeds as byproducts have the potential to be new herbal medicines that can be used as antimicrobials of S. aureus which have been confirmed to be resistant to various antibiotics.

Staphylococcus aureus is recognized worldwide as a major pathogen causing subclinical intramammary infections in dairy cows and food poisoning due to its ability to produce enterotoxin. The study aimed to identify enterotoxins of S. aureus and clustering the enterotoxins based on assessory gene regulator (agr). Virulence of S. aureus to the host was characterized based on the response of polymorphonuclear cells to the infection. Twelve S. aureus could be isolated from milk cows in central of dairy farming in Sumedang West Java. The identification of S. aureus was based on cultural and biochemical tests and an amplification of a specific section of the 23S rRNA gene. The sensitivity test against antibiotics revealed that some isolates of S. aureus were resistant to penicillin and methycillin. By PCR amplification one or more staphylococcal enterotoxin genes could be observed five genes in combinations of sea (216 bp), seb (478 bp), seh (375 bp), sei (576 bp), and sej (142 bp). Clustering of S. aureus based on the assesory gene regulator could be grouped into 4 clusters for agr1 (1 isolat), agr2 (2 isolates), in combination for agr1 and agr2 (1 isolate), and for non agr (2 isolates). Based on the response of polymorphonuclear cell in vitro and in vivo assays, revealed that S. aureus strain I-2 (agr1 cluster) and P1 (agr1+agr2 cluster) were more resistant to polymorphonuclear cells and could survive intracellularly, indicated that these strains could be used as proper candidates to develop dignostic tool based on agr against staphylococcal mastitis.