The aim of this autopsy study was to investigate chest-compression associated injuries to the trunk in out-of-hospital and in-hospital non-traumatic cardiac arrest patients treated with automated external chest compression devices (ACCD; all with LUCAS II devices) versus exclusive manual chest compressions (mCC). In this retrospective single-center study, all forensic autopsies between 2011 and 2017 were included. Injuries following cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in patients treated with mCC or ACCD were investigated and statistically compared using a bivariate logistic regression. In the seven-year period with 4433 autopsies, 614 were analyzed following CPR (mCC vs. ACCD: n = 501 vs. n = 113). The presence of any type of trunk injury was correlated with longer resuscitation intervals (30 ± 15 vs. 44 ± 25 min, p < 0.05). In comparison with mCC, treatment with ACCD led to more frequent skin emphysema (5 vs 0%, p = 0.012), pneumothorax (6 vs. 1%, p = 0.008), lung lesions (19 vs. 4%, p = 0.008), hemopericardium (3 vs 1%, p = 0.025) and liver lesions (10 vs. 1%, p = 0.001), all irrespective of confounding aspects. Higher age and longer CPR durations statistically influenced frequency of sternal and rib fractures (p < 0.001). The mean number of fractured ribs did not vary significantly between the groups (6 ± 3 vs. 7 ± 2, p = 0.09). In this cohort with unsuccessful CPR, chest compression-related injuries were more frequent following ACCD application than in the mCC group, but with only minutely increased odds ratios. The severity of injuries did not differ between the groups, and no iatrogenic injury was declared by the forensic pathologist as being fatal. In the clinical routine after successful return of spontaneous circulation a computed tomography scan for CPR-associated injuries is recommended as soon as possible.
The percentage of patients who might benefit from additive treatment implemented in tCPR efforts was shown to be equal between the local situations in Leipzig and Chemnitz compared to previous reports in Berlin. A need for optimizing the professional resuscitation process still remains as not all reversible causes were appropriately addressed. Further training and education should intensively address the mentioned deficits and continuous awareness of necessary additional medical procedures in the preclinical setting in cases of traumatic cardiac arrest is inevitable. Cooperation with forensic institutes can help to impart particular issues and treatment options of emergency medicine in cases of potentially reversible causes of traumatic cardiac arrest.
ZusammenfassungAutomatische externe Reanimationsgeräte, z. B. das LUCAS-Device, werden mehr und mehr im praktischen Alltag zur Sicherstellung einer dauerhaften Thoraxkompression verwendet. Ein besseres neurologisches Outcome oder höhere Überlebenschancen für Patienten mit einem prähospitalen Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand im Vergleich zur manuellen Herzdruckmassage konnten bisher nicht gezeigt werden. Deswegen wird in den aktuellen nationalen und internationalen Leitlinien zur kardiopulmonalen Reanimation der standardisierte und unkritische Dauereinsatz von Reanimationshilfen nicht empfohlen. Die vorliegende Arbeit sollte an einem Obduktionskollektiv retrospektiv überprüfen, ob die 2015 formulierten Leitlinien zur Anwendung von automatischen externen Reanimationshilfen im Praxisalltag auch Verwendung finden. Grundsätzlich haben sich keine Unterschiede im Reanimationsregime für den Zeitraum vor (2014/2015) bzw. nach (2016/2017) Einführung der Anwendungsleitlinien hinsichtlich der demografischen und klinischen Daten der Patienten ergeben. Es fanden sich nur Einzelfälle mit Abweichungen von der Leitlinie, z. B. eine bereits primär bestehende Asystolie oder prähospitale Sterbefälle ohne Transportbeginn. Die primär korrekte Platzierung des LUCAS-Device am Thorax gelingt nicht permanent. Zusammenfassend kann festgestellt werden, dass für die Verwendung von LUCAS-Reanimationshilfen bei Patienten mit Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand eine hohe Leitlinienadhärenz bestand und von den Empfehlungen nur in Einzelfällen abgewichen wurde.
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