Department of Energy (DOE) reports produced after 1991 and a growing number of pre-1991 documents are available free via www.OSTI.gov.

Green power-for the purposes of this report-refers to renewable electricity voluntarily purchased by retail electricity customers. It is substantiated through renewable energy certificates (RECs). The voluntary green power market encompasses seven green power procurement mechanisms: utility green pricing programs, utility renewable contracts, unbundled RECs, competitive suppliers, community choice aggregations (CCAs), power purchase agreements (PPAs), and community solar. About 6.3 million customers procured about 95 million megawatt-hours (MWh) of green power in 2016 (Table ES-1), which represents a 45% increase in the number of customers and a 19% increase in the amount sales from 2015. The voluntary green power market now accounts for about 28% of all U.S. renewable energy sales, excluding large hydropower.

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Many countries around the world are experiencing rapid economic development while simultaneously deploying more wind and solar generators. This report explores potential roles for demand response-the modification of electricity load operations to provide grid servicesto support these countries' development goals through enhancing grid reliability and assisting with renewable energy integration in the power sector. After reviewing current demand response programs types, which include wholesale and retail market offerings, as well as broader distributed energy resource (DER) aggregation programs, we reflect on the historical trajectory of demand response as a grid resource and on recent findings from renewable integration studies. The reviewed literature suggests that some types of demand response programs are likely to be more supportive of high-economic growth, high-renewable contexts than others. We conclude by outlining best practices for the design of new demand response programs that build on the historical lessons learned and are well suited to accommodate expected future changes in generation and load patterns. vi

Department of Energy (DOE) reports produced after 1991 and a growing number of pre-1991 documents are available free via www.OSTI.gov.