Aim To determine the end-tidal CO 2 (ETCO 2 ) value that predicts a HR > 60 beats per minute (bpm) with the best sensitivity and specificity during neonatal/infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) defined as chest compressions ± epinephrine in neonates/infants admitted to a CVICU/PICU. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study from 1/1/08 to 12/31/12 of all infants ≤6 month of age who received CPR and had ETCO 2 documented during serial resuscitations in the pediatric (PICU) or pediatric cardiovascular intensive care units (CVICU) of Children's Medical Center of Dallas. A receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was generated to determine the ETCO 2 cut-off with the best sensitivity and specificity for predicting HR > 60 bpm. Each ETCO 2 value was correlated to the infant's HR at that specific time. Results CPR was provided for 165 infants of which 49 infants had quantitative ETCO 2 documented so only these infants were included. The majority were in the CVICU (81%) and intubated (84%). Mean gestational age was 36 ± 3 weeks and median age (interquartile range) at time of CPR was 30 (16–96) days. An ETCO 2 between 17 and 18 mmHg correlated with the highest sensitivity and specificity for return of a HR > 60 bpm. Area under the curve for the ROC is 0.835. Conclusions This study provides critical clinical information regarding correlation between ETCO 2 values and an adequate rise in heart rate in neonates and young infants during CPR. Quantitative ETCO 2 monitoring allows CPR to progress uninterrupted without need to pause to check heart rate every 60 seconds until the critical ETCO 2 threshold is reached. Quantitative ETCO 2 monitoring as an adjunct to cardiac monitoring during infant CPR might enhance perfusion and improve outcomes.

Objectives To describe the variation of in-neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) characteristics and outcomes across different gestational ages and levels of NICU care. Study Design This is a retrospective cohort study of in-NICU CPR events across 10 NICUs in San Antonio, TX from 2012 through 2017. Results We identified 140 patients experiencing a total of 210 in-NICU CPR events. CPR was performed in 0.23% of Level III and 0.85% of Level IV NICU admissions. Gestational age was inversely related to CPR incidence. The median age at in-NICU CPR was lower for preterm versus term infants (6 vs. 28 days, p = 0.002). With regression modeling, each added minute of chest compression decreased the odds of return to spontaneous circulation by 11%. Conclusion In-NICU CPR incidence rises with decreasing gestational age and increasing level of NICU care. The rate of return of spontaneous circulation decreases significantly with increasing duration of chest compressions. Further study is needed to identify patient factors associated with adverse outcome.

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