This study investigates differences in firms’ tax avoidances between multinational and national. Furthermore, it investigates the differences between firms’ contingent behavior because of the country’s investor protection level and law systems. This research takes into account the firms’ tax avoidance phenomenon. Besides that, it proposes novelties as follows. First, this study highlights that multinational firms tend to avoid taxes higher than national ones. Second, it induces the dividend catering theory related to the country’s investor protection. The latest, it persuades that country’s investor protection, and law systems make firms contingent on their tax avoidance behaviors. This study finds that firms where they live in high investors’ protection countries and common law did higher tax avoidance than others. The findings imply that these firms could grow higher than others. It means that this study suggests economic consequences. The consequence is that a country should increase its investors’ protection level and somehow redefine its law systems. Therefore, it could enhance its capital market and subsequently improve the national welfares.

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The purpose of this research is to examine and analyse the impact of leverage towards acceptance ofaudit opinion going concern. Population of this research is manufacturing company listing inIndonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during 2004-2013. From total 125 manufacturing companies, thereare only 31 companies that fulfill criteria of research sample. This research is using audited financialreport to determine whether company received going concern opinion or not. The result shows thatleverage has significantly positive impact to audit report-going concern. The increase of debt toequity ratio, the more potential company receives audit going concern opinion. This result becomesstronger when the company is audited by bigfour.Keywords: Leverage, Audit Opinion, Going Concern, Big Four

This research aims to do a testing empirically regarding the measurement of public accounting firm, the education background of auditor, and work durations of auditor towards the acceptance of going concern audit’s opinion. The public accounting firm, the education background of auditor, and work durations of auditor are independent variable, meanwhile the going concern audit’s opinion is dependent variable. This research use secondary data which collected from Indonesia’s Stock Exchange and PPPK, with a total processed data of 270. Statistic method that used is logistic regression. The result of this research showed that the measurement of public accounting firm and the education background of auditor gave a positive impact and significant towards the acceptance of going concern audit’s opinion, while the work durations of auditor gave a negative impact and significant towards the acceptance of going concern audit’s opinion. Keywords: going concern audit’s opinion, Public Accounting Firm measurement, education background, work duration. ABSTRAK  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pengujian secara empiris mengenai pengukuran kantor akuntan publik, latar belakang pendidikan auditor, dan durasi kerja auditor terhadap penerimaan opini audit going concern. Kantor akuntan publik, latar belakang pendidikan auditor, dan durasi kerja auditor adalah variabel independen, sedangkan opini audit going concern adalah variabel dependen. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang dikumpulkan dari Bursa Efek Indonesia dan PPPK, dengan total data yang diproses 270. Metode statistik yang digunakan adalah regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengukuran kantor akuntan publik dan latar belakang pendidikan auditor memberikan dampak positif dan signifikan terhadap penerimaan opini audit going concern, sedangkan durasi kerja auditor memberikan dampak negatif dan signifikan terhadap penerimaan akuntan publik. opini audit going concern. Kata kunci: opini audit going concern, pengukuran Kantor Akuntan Publik, latar belakang pendidikan, durasi kerja

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi fraud di sektor pemerintahan dengan menggunakan 8 tahun data penelitian. Penelitian ini menguji pengaruh kelayakan kompensasi, sistem pengendalian internal, budaya etis organisasi, keadilan distributif, keadilan prosedural, kepatuhan pengendalian internal, komitmen organisasi, gaya kepemimpinan, penegakan hukum, perilaku tidak etis, asimetri informasi, tekanan, kesempatan, rasionalisasi, akuntabilitas kinerja, pendapatan daerah, e-government, internal audit, respon audit, upah pejabat publik, kolusi, kemampuan membayar hutang, moralitas individu, motivasi negatif, penyimpangan (irregularities), penilaian risiko, kegiatan pengendalian, pemantauan, sistem pengendalian kas, good governance, kebutuhan (need), dan keserakahan (greed). Penelitian ini mengakumulasi dan mengintegrasikan studi yang telah ada dengan menggunakan teknik meta analisis terhadap 35 jurnal sampel yang dipublikasikan pada rentang tahun 2012-2019. Penelitian ini mengkonfirmasi teori segitiga fraud, bahwa tekanan, kesempatan, dan rasionalisasi merupakan faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya fraud. Variabel lain yang berpengaruh terhadap terjadinya fraud adalah kelayakan kompensasi dan perilaku tidak etis. Seluruhnya terdapat 17 variabel yang telah diuji dan robust menjadi faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya fraud di sektor pemerintahan. Penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai pertimbangan langkah yang akan diambil untuk mencegah terjadinya faktor-faktor yang dapat menyebabkan fraud di sektor pemerintahan.