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For the past few years, China's urbanization policy has focused on expanding welfare and affordable housing for rural migrants so as to encourage them to put down roots in the city. The international literature disagrees on the relationship between homeownership and welfare-whether the former is a substitute for or a consequence of the latter. Using multilevel logistic regression on a 2015 nationally representative survey, this paper explores the determinants of housing ownership among China's rural migrant households in their city of residence, focusing particularly on access to urban social insurance. The results show that institutional ties to the city such as enrollment in local pensions and health insurance are associated with higher likelihood of homeownership. This paper argues that policy interventions should target the social security system, as rural migrants are likely unwilling or unable to invest in urban housing due to the increased risk and precarity they typically experience. The findings also suggest that to make urbanization more sustainable, the government should aim at making cities more family-friendly, expanding alternatives to employment-based social insurance schemes, and targeting efforts on interior cities in migrant-sourcing provinces that pose fewer barriers to permanent settlement.

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Criticisms against tax incentives typically come from either the regional inequality perspective that compares a locality with others in terms of the amount of revenues foregone or the opportunity cost perspective that compares a locality with itself in an alternate reality where it foregoes less or none. How foregone/hypothetical revenues affect collected/actual revenues and related fiscal outcomes is less understood. This article examines the association between the amount of abated taxes and school district revenues and expenditures in 2019 for the nine U.S. states that have sufficient tax abatement data for such analyses. Findings show that districts experiencing greater incentive cost burden have fewer overall revenues per pupil, depend more on local sources besides property tax, spend less on teaching salaries, and are more likely to be underfunded. Some of these effects vary by district wealth, suggesting the need to fine-tune the incentive award levels according to local conditions.