The International Agency for Research on Cancer acknowledges that HPV is a human carcinogen affecting both sexes. This study aimed to evaluate the public health impact of universal HPV vaccination in Austria, to assess its cost-effectiveness and to estimate the HPV prevalence reduction over time. Vaccinating 65% of 9-year-old boys and girls in Austria would result in a 70% decrease in HPV infections in both males and females, hereby avoiding 9500 cases of genital warts annually and 431 HPV 16/18-related cancers in males and females. This strategy would be cost effective with base case analysis of €26,701/quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained for cervical cancer only, €15,820/QALY also including vaginal/vulvar cancers and genital warts, and €10,033/QALY also considering anal, oropharyngeal and penile cancers, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio ranging from €2500 to €21,000/QALY in sensitivity analyses. HPV circulation would be controlled hereby preventing subsequent HPV-related cancers.

RFA should more often be considered a relevant treatment option both from an economic and a medical point of view.

disease data. In the absence of comparative clinical evidence, Duodopa and Apomorphine were assumed to have equivalent efficacy to DBS. The cost analysis covered: device acquisition, implantation, adverse event management, concomitant drug use, device replacements and follow-up. Cost data were taken from Swedish tariffs, drug list prices and device prices. Costs and QALYs were both discounted at 3% per year. Results: The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for DBS versus BMT was SEK 387,313 per QALY gained, using a time horizon of 15 years. DBS was predicted to be cost-saving versus Duodopa at 5 years (with a saving of SEK 534,000 per patient) and at 10 years versus Apomorphine. The key parameters in the model were the costs of the DBS device components and the unit costs of the advanced drug therapies. ConClusions: The results suggest that DBS is a cost-effective intervention compared with BMT, based on the informal threshold used in Sweden (SEK 500,000 per QALY gained). When compared against Apomorphine and Duodopa, the high initial costs of DBS equipment and implantation are offset in the long-term by reduced medication costs.