Our results provide evidence that NP samples can be used to distinguish differences between children, but the relative abundance of organisms may differ between the nasopharynx and lower airway in pediatric patients. Studies utilizing NP samples as surrogates for the lower airway should be interpreted with caution.

The gut microbiota and metabolome could play a role in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) progression. We aimed to assess fecal microbiota and fecal short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in PBC according to fibrosis. In a cross-sectional study of 23 PBC patients, fecal microbiota and SCFAs were determined using 16S rRNA sequencing and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, respectively. Fecal acetate and SCFAs were higher in advanced fibrosis. Advanced fibrosis microbiota exhibited decreased alpha diversity, increased Weisella, and a distinct community composition. SCFAs correlated with individual taxa in non-advanced fibrosis. Fecal microbiota and SCFAs correspond with fibrosis in PBC.

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