The COSMIC radio occultation mission represents a revolution in atmospheric sounding from space, with precise, accurate, and all-weather global observations useful for weather, climate, and space weather research and operations. GPS Signal GPS Satellite

The Constellation Observing System for Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) is a satellite mission for the Earth sciences that will make use of recent developments in remote sensing, communications tech nology, and computing to solve some of the most important geo-scientific issues today. COSMIC plans to launch eight Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satel lites in 2003. Each of these spacecraft will carry three science payloads for weather and space weather research and prediction, climate monitoring, and geodesy: 1) GPS occultation receiver, 2) Tiny Ionospheric Photometer (TIP), and 3) Triband Beacon transmitters (TBB). Each of the LEOs will track the GPS satellites as they are occulted behind the Earth limb to re trieve up to 500 daily profiles of key ionospheric and atmospheric proper ties. Every day the constellation will provide globally about 4000 GPS sound ings. TIP will measure electron densities at the peak of the F2 layer along the satellite track. TBB transmissions will be received on the ground for high-resolution tomographic reconstruction of the ionospheric electron density. COSMIC continuos precise tracking of all GPS satellites in view, also promise to benefit geodetic studies. The COSMIC system includes the LEO satellites, ground data reception and spacecraft control stations, data analysis centers and the data communications networks. This paper gives a COSMIC science overview and describes the COSMIC system. (

The therapeutic replacement of diseased tubular tissue is hindered by the availability and suitability of current donor, autologous and synthetically derived protheses. Artificially created, tissue engineered, constructs have the potential to alleviate these concerns with reduced autoimmune response, high anatomical accuracy, long-term patency and growth potential. The advent of 3D bioprinting technology has further supplemented the technological toolbox, opening up new biofabrication research opportunities and expanding the therapeutic potential of the field. In this review, we highlight the challenges facing those seeking to create artificial tubular tissue with its associated complex macro- and microscopic architecture. Current biofabrication approaches, including 3D printing techniques, are reviewed and future directions suggested.

In this study, we consider a family of mathematical models to describe the elution of drug from polymer-coated stents into the arterial wall. Our models include the polymer layer, the media, the adventitia, a possible topcoat polymer layer and atherosclerotic plaque. We investigate the relative importance of transmural convection, diffusion and drug-dependent parameters in drug delivery and deposition. Furthermore, we investigate how the release rate from the stent can be altered and examine the resulting effect on cellular drug concentrations.

Propofol/N2O anesthesia may be better than isoflurane/O2 for optimizing osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption for delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to brain tumor and normal brain.