BACKGROUND:We developed and evaluated a candidate reference measurement procedure (RMP) to standardize testosterone measurements, provide highly accurate and precise value assignments for the CDC Hormone Standardization Program, and ensure accurate and comparable results across testing systems and laboratories.

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The influence of temperature on an ultrasound-assisted ink removal process has been investigated. White copy paper was evenly soaked in black writing ink. After drying the paper to constant weight at 75 degrees C, ink removal was attempted under varying conditions. Results were assessed by monitoring the UV-vis absorbance of the aqueous phase and measuring the brightness of the paper. Sonication was observed to improve the brightness of the paper in the temperature range of 15-45 degrees C with an optimum effect at 35 degrees C. Monitoring UV-vis spectra of the aqueous phase provided evidence that modification of the chemical structure of the ink desorbed from the paper occured. Further investigation under the same conditions showed that ink, when not absorbed on paper, did not undergo the same chemical change. This supports the hypothesis that only the compound released from the ink absorbed onto the paper is sensitive to sonodegradation. One possible explanation is that the metal binding component of the ink stays absorbed on the paper, releasing the organic part, whose chemical structure can be altered by the effect of sonication. Inductively coupled plasma analysis was used to confirm that during the de-inking process of the paper, the metal binding component stays absorbed on the paper and only the organic part is released in the aqueous phase.