Objective To assess the relationship between benign gynaecological disorders and ovarian cancer (OC). Methods This retrospective observational study enrolled female patients with histologically-confirmed primary OC. Clinical and demographic data were collected using a questionnaire. Blood samples were analysed for tumour biomarker levels including cancer antigen (CA)-125, CA19-9, carcinoembryonic antigen, β human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results A total of 100 female patients were enrolled in the study. Of these, 44 patients had simple ovarian cysts (44%), 22 had uterine fibroids (22%), 15 had adenomyosis (15%), 13 had pelvic inflammatory disease (13%) and six had endometriosis (6%). There was a significant association between high grade serous OC histology with both benign ovarian and uterine diseases. There was a significant association between both adenomyosis and uterine fibroids and high grade OC. There was also a significant association between endometriosis and stages III/IV OC. With regard to tumour biomarkers, there was a significant association between β-hCG and LDH biomarkers and benign uterine tumours. Conclusion Benign gynaecological diseases are accompanied by the high risk of the development of OC. Common benign gynaecological diseases associated with OC were uterine fibroids and adenomyosis.

Background: Obesity in pregnancy is correlated with pregnancy complications, including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Objective:The present work was carried out to compare serum leptin levels in non-obese pregnant women with and without GDM. Methods: This study included 160 pregnant women with gestation ages of 28 – 35 weeks, of which 80 were in a study group (pregnant women with GDM) and the rest were in a control group (pregnant women without GDM). Participants’ age, family health history (Hx), previous Hx, gestational age, parity, and body mass index (BMI) were collected from the women using a questionnaire. Serum leptin level and fetal amniotic index (FAI) were also measured. Results: Significant differences were seen between both groups in terms of their age (p<0.001), parity (p=0.05), BMI (p<0.001), and leptin level (p<0.001) in which women with GDM had higher BMI and leptin levels. The results also indicated that leptin level in the GDM women was correlated with their parity (p=0.04) and BMI (p<0.001), such that multiparous women and overweight women had higher levels of serum leptin. Conclusion: Higher serum leptin was found in GDM women, and an increased gestational age was associated with increased leptin in both GDM and non-GDM women.